Product Innovation - A Report on Plastics - Free Essay Example

Introduction Plastics have inspired and continue to give an impetus driving innovation that helps to solve societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s greatest challenges from lifesaving technologies to more sustainable living. In 1850s, plastics were first introduced by Alexander Parkes in the UK while the demand for natural polymers like amber, tortoise shells and animal horns was increasing but their supplies were limited (Andrady and Neal, 2009). As created to have similar and comparable properties to those natural polymers, plastics or synthetic polymers have been accepted to be innovative products and widely used in all industries. To date, there is a very few thing around the world which are not made of plastics. What are Plastics? Plastics are synthetic materials which typically are produced by polymerizing small single molecules known as monomers derived from petrochemical plant (Thompson et al, 2009) or other organic materials such as wood fibers, corn or banana peels. They are divided into two main categories, namely Thermoplastics and Thermosets. Significantly, the majority of plastics produced are Thermoplastics due to being moldable, reheated and reformed repeatedly without chemical change, whereas the latter can be formed only once and will be decomposed after reheat (Gloag, 1946). Although there are many different types of plastics in each group with different characteristics, all plastics have their general attributes including resistance to chemical, thermal and electrical insulators, lightweight, various degree of strength and wide range of characteristics and colours (American Chemistry Council). They can be mixed with a wide range of additives, depending on required finished products, to improve mechanical, physical or chemical properties such as foamed structure, flame retardancy, surface appearance improvement or friction reducing (American Chemistry Council). Plastics consumption Since they can imitate natures, plastics inev itably have been involved and revolutionized our lives for more than a century. The amount of global plastic production has increased over the last 60 years, from 1.7 million tones in 1950 to approximately 280 million in 2010 (Plastics Europe, 2013). Interestingly, there are four main reasons for such an increase in plastics consumption. Firstly, plastics can enhance their properties relating to toughness, lightness and chemical resistance by adding various types of chemical additives. For example, plasticizers allow plastics to be more flexible. This can be found in food packaging and processing such as plastic film wraps (American Chemistry Council). UV stabilizers, in particular, are added to prevent plastic degradation. Thus, the normal addition of various additives leads to both radical and incremental products innovation in all industries including packaging industry, building and construction industry, automotive industry, electrical and electronic industry and others (Pla stics Europe, 2013). Secondly, plastics can be molded and transformed into a wide range of forms which are necessary in all industries ranging from clothing to cutting edge technologies. Thirdly, in comparison with natural materials, plastics are inexpensive and capable of industrial cost saving. Therefore, they replace most of previous key materials such as natural polymers like metal and woods. Lastly, culture change also has an impact on the demand for plastics. Plastics were taken into account as an innovation in packaging industry, as Figure 1: World plastic production Source : Plastics à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the Facts 2012 : An analysis of European plastics production ,demand and waste data for 2011 replacement for glass and aluminium packaging, when consumers demanded for product visibility (Lange and Wyser, 2003). Although most of plastics are not transparent, they can be added some additives to create transparent plastics, such as Acrylic (polymethlamethacry late), Butyrate (cellulose acetate butyrate), Lexan (polycarbonate) and PETG (glycol modified polyethylene terphthalate). Societal benefit of plastics 1. Plastics reduce carbon monoxide emission from transportations. Due to their light weight, plastics reduce vehiclesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ weight and fuel burning, resulting in less carbon monoxide emissions which contribute to global warming. Nowadays, 20 % of private or public vehicles is made of plastics, typically in door liners, steering wheels and electronics, to make vehicles lighter than using other materials such as metals (Andrady and Neal, 2009). Wings and fuselage of Airbus A380, for instance, are designed to use 22% of carbon fibre plastics compound and consequently can result in 15% fuel saving (Plastics Europe, 2013). 2. Plastics offer health benefits in many ways. In food industry, plastics are used extensively as food containers. PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate), in particular, is normally employed for drinki ng water bottle, to keep food and water fresh and reduce food and water waste (American Chemistry Council). More importantly, plastics can protect water from contamination caused by water supply. Thus, metal pipes in original pipe system which became rusty because of Oxidation of iron in water (BBC Bitesize) were replaced by plastic pipes. Additionally, in medical aspect, plastics also offer a wide range of medical advantages such as medical packaging and devices including blood and IV bags, supporting tubes, syringes and surgical equipment (SPI, 2013). Obviously, they are incorporated into hospital design as they assist in easy cleaning and sterilizing operation room as well as isolation area against infectious and medical advance technology, especially involving restoration of heart, joints and teeth functions and creation of artificial plastic blood (Plastics Europe, 2013). 3. Initiate economics growth and employment opportunities. As great demand of plastics, there are mor e than 1.6 million people are employed in the European plastics industries with 300 million euros turnover (Thompson et al, 2009). 4. Plastics enable more efficient renewable energy. Plastics can be used for an innovation of generating renewable energy such as wind energy and solar energy. To produce wind energy by windmills, using fibre-reinforced plastics (FRIP) in production of a plastic blade and a plastic rotor offers 33% saving on Greenhouse Gas emission (GHGs) which are the major factor of climate change (Plastic Europe, 2012). In addition, 98% of solar cells are plastic photovoltaics which provide more cost-efficiency, flexibility and GHGs saving than rigid silicon solar cells (Plastic Europe, 2012). 5. Plastics lead to advance technology. Plastics possess the properties of thermal resistance, light weight and lower cost. Consequently, they are always engaged in developing electronic products and applications. For example, in hybrid solar cells, a new generation of sol ar cells from a combination between plastics and nanotechnology causes lower cost and is easier to be produced than their semiconductor counterparts. 6. Improve building and construction performance as well as save energy. Insulation foams or Polystyrene (PS) is recognized as one of the most energy-efficient building materials. By comparing insulation properties between insulation foam and concrete, 1.6 centimeters thick of rigid plastic foam is equivalent to 1.3 meters concrete thick (Plastic Europe, 2012). Furthermore, an installation of plastic applications such as doors and windows frames tends to be easy as they are lighter than other materials. Also, plastics can be used for road base-courses. A Styropor foam, commonly known as EPS, is a thermoplastic replacing concrete in construction of road when load-bearing subsoil is poor, to prevent soil deformation from the weight of concrete (GeoTech Systems Corporation, 1993). The potential example in this respect is the 100 % recy cled plastic bridge in the Onion Ditch Bridge; a new bridge in Logan County, Ohio, whose important parts were water bottles and detergent bottles which were made of PET plastics. In construction and civil engineering, plastics are usually molded into I-Beam or I-shaped sectors in order to create strength and lightweight (Rhey, 2012). Opportunity to be failure products Although plastics become basic components in all industries as they bring numerous societal benefits, there are several concerns that might cause their failure in the future. Firstly, plastics cause public health problems. Most of additives, including bisphenol A (BPA) ,which are found in many products such as medical devices, food containers, cosmetics, toys and flooring material, and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDE), are toxic and can transfer directly from plastic packaging to human (Thompson et al, 2009). The second is waste management problems. Owing to their durability, plastics require a great a mount of time for degradation or biodegradation, depending on the chemical compounds of materials and additives added. Moreover, they never burn easily as they melt and bubble and cause a terrible and dioxin smell. Most importantly, plastics cause environmental problem. If they are destroyed by burning, they will emit hazardous gas such as hydrogen chloride gas which causes greenhouse effect and eventual climate change. Moreover, if they are buried into the land, it will bar eluviation of rain water, possibly resulting in flood. Even though 26% of used plastics such as plastic bottles can be recycled, a considerable proportion of 38% is arranged into landfill (Thompson et al, 2009). As a result, toxic from additives in plastics will contaminate surrounding environments like rivers, seas or oceans. Conclusion Plastics are described as a very successful product innovation indicated from a continuous increase in demand and their productions. There are three main success factor s for plastics to become success innovative product. Firstly, their adaptable molecule structure for various unique properties such as flexibility and durability and forms lead to many technological advance in all industries. Secondly, they bring numerous societal benefits including health and environmental benefits and employment. Lastly, they have lower cost than other materials. However, there is an opportunity for them to obtain failure in the future because they can bring about important problems, particularly concerning environment and public health. 1

Find out What a Bulbous Bow Is

The strongest resistance any vessel faces in standard operations comes from displacement as the hull moves through the water. Waves that climb the bow are water being pushed aside faster than it can move away. It takes a lot of power to overcome the viscosity and mass of water and that means burning fuel, which adds to costs. A bulbous bow is an extension of the hull just below the waterline. It has many subtle shape variations but it’s basically a rounded front portion that flares out slightly as it blends into the traditional displacement hull construction. These forward protrusions are about twice as long as the width of the base and they would usually not extend forward past the top of the bow. The basic principle is to create a low-pressure zone to eliminate the bow wave and reduce drag. First appearing on the USS Delaware in 1910, the bulbous bow was a controversial design of U.S. Navy Ship Architect David W. Taylor. Much of the controversy disappeared ten years later when passenger ships began exploiting the design to increase speeds. Hulls built with bulbous bow sections are common today. Under certain conditions, this type of design is very efficient at redirecting forces of hydrodynamic resistance and drag. There is a movement against bulbous bows that allows greater flexibility of ships at a time when slow steaming is a way to save fuel. Good Conditions for Bulbous Bows The design of a ship with a bulbous bow is discussed in many textbooks and technical articles. It is often referred to as a theory or an art, which is a short way of saying nobody is 100 percent sure of what they are writing. There are details to be worked out but modern builders have proprietary ways of analyzing and integrating all hydrodynamic aspects of their hulls and these methods are strict secrets. A bulbous bow works best under certain conditions and good design gives efficiency gains throughout the range of these factors. Speed – At low speeds, a bulbous bow will trap water above the bulb without forming a low-pressure zone to cancel the bow wave. This leads to increased drag and loss of efficiency. Each design has what is known as most efficient hull speed, or often just hull speed. This term refers to the speed where the shape of the hull is acting on the water is such a way to produce the minimum possible drag. This ideal hull speed might not be the top speed of a ship because at some point the lower pressure zone created by the bow features becomes larger than necessary. A zone of lower pressure water that is larger than the hull is inefficient and leads to reduced rudder response. Ideally, the cone of lower pressure water will collapse just before the props. This gives the prop blades something to push against and limits cavitation at the props and rudder. Cavitation will lead to reduced efficiency of props, sluggish steering, and excessive wear of hull and drive components. Size – Vessels under 49 feet (15 m) do not have enough wetted area to take advantage of a bulbous bow. The amount of drag on a hull is related to its wetted area. The structure of the bulb also increases drag and at a certain point, the benefits shrink to zero. Conversely, larger ships with a high proportion of waterline to frontal area use the bulbous bow most effectively. Bad Conditions for Bulbous Bows Rough Seas – While a traditional hull rises with the wave, a hull with a bulbous bow can dig in even if it is designed to lift the bow under normal conditions. The issue of trim is one of the most deeply dividing aspects of bow design among naval architects. There is also a huge psychological aspect among crews who perceive this bow design as dangerous in storms. There is some truth that these bows dig into wave faces but there is little proof that it is more dangerous than traditional designs. Ice – Some ice breaking ships do have a special shape of a bulbous bow that is heavily reinforced. Most bulbous bows are prone to damage since they are the first point of contact with an obstacle. In addition to ice, large debris and fixed objects like dock faces can damage these extended underwater bows.

Mob Mentality in the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay

Mob Mentality in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn The critic Kenny Williams states that the Colonel Sherburn scene inThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark twain, â€Å"allow[s] a brief platform for Twain to express his own contempt for mobs in an era known for such activities and lawlessness.† This draws the attention to other scenes Twain uses to show his contempt for activities in society. In his novel Mark Twain uses characters and scenes to show his disdain for zealot faith, corrupt human nature, and blind adherence to law. In the beginning of the novel, Mark Twain shows his disdain for the blind faith of religion through Huck’s confusion. For example, when Huck states; â€Å"I says to myself, if a body can get anything they pray for,†¦show more content†¦The people in this church are easily able to give money to pirates, who are known for being crooks and liars, inviting them to stay in their homes as an honor. Thus, Twain shows his disdain for re ligious beliefs by satirizing their blind faith and gullibility. Throughout the novel, Twain shows his contempt for corrupt human nature. Although these instances are often satirized and exaggerated, the message is still the same. For instance, when the King and the Duke first start to lie about being the dead Peter Wilks’ brothers to obtain his money, Huck says, â€Å"It was enough to make a body ashamed of the human race,† (191). In this instance Twain is utilizing Huck to show his aversion to the way people lie and cheat, and how a couple of people can make a bad name for all of us. Another example is when Jim sells the King and Duke out to the townspeople and they are carried on a pole, tarred and feathered. Although Huck, has tried to escape the King and Dukes several occasions and has witnessed the cruelties put on others and lies they tell, he does not think that they deserve similar treatment. In fact, he says, â€Å"Human beings can be awful cruel to one ano ther,† (269). Through Huck, Twain is voicing his opposition to how people treat one another, whether they deserve it or not. Thus Twain is using his novel to voice his enmity for the cruelty in human nature. Twain also shows his aversion toShow MoreRelatedRacism : Discrimination Or Antagonism Directed Against Someone Of A Different Race1636 Words   |  7 PagesRacism: discrimination or antagonism directed against someone of a different race. Even though The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a novel about a young boy the story has an underlying message of the truth of racism. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a novel set in the late eighteen hundreds hundreds and is considered by many the quintessential American novel. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a highly controversial book with many supporters and many hecklers. Some consider the book to beRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain931 Words   |  4 PagesWolski Mrs. Goska English 2H Period 3 22 October 2014 The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Mob mentality is the way an individual’s decisions become influenced by the often unprincipled actions of a crowd. Mark Twain penned The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Twain grew up in America’s southern states during the early 1800’s, a time in which moral confusion erupted within the minds of humans. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn s protagonist is a young boy named Huck who freely travels alongRead MoreHuck Finn1257 Words   |  6 PagesHuck Finn Essay: Twain and Social Criticism Feuds, Frauds, and Fools: Huck Finn and Twains Critique of the Human Race Mark Twain’s famous realist novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, is a masterpiece of social criticism and analysis. The author skillfully depicts a variety of human failings and foibles, personified in the characters of everyday people and groups. Twain appears to be satirizing and criticizing the old South, but underneath his humorous portrait of Southern social issuesRead MoreHuck Finn - Hypocrisy of Society Essay693 Words   |  3 Pagesauthors view on any given subject. Although many people start to read The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn thinking that it is a simple novel on a boys childhood, they soon come to realize that the author, Mark Twain, expresses his opinions on multiple important, political issues. Twain touches on subjects such as slavery, money and greed, society and civilization, and freedom. From the time of its publication, Huckleberry Finn has been distinguished as a novel with prodigious political positions andRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Mark Twain s Huckleberry Finn1082 Words   |  5 PagesBen Choi Mr. Biber April 3, 2015 English III H A Literary Analysis on the Themes of Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn David Hume, a Scottish philosopher of the 1700s, once said, Mankind are so much the same, in all times and places, that history informs us of nothing new or strange in this particular. Its chief use is only to discover the constant and universal principles of human nature. These â€Å"principles of human nature†, however, can be examined not only in history itself, but also in stories writtenRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1678 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"Mark Twain’s story about a young boy and his journey down the Mississippi was the first great novel to speak in a truly American voice.† Quoted from the back of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, this sentence suggests the novel to be an American classic, even to go so far as to say The American Classic, as it later goes on to say that it: â€Å"influenc[ed] subsequent generations of writers.† Based on this summary paragraph, one receives a general idea of this book’s importance to American literatureRead MoreCrowd Individuality Essay1666 Words   |  7 Pagesprovoking state of mind of society (Orwell). The naive stay happy, tradition brings normality, and a lack of self-expression leaves the mind at ease, for there is no one to reject it. Crowd mentality has driven society since the Stone Age, and throughout the course of history writers have recorded such mentalities and behaviors loving and/or criticizing it. George Orwell is not the only autho r to critique society’s forced state of being; many others have an apparent disapproval and criticism for societyRead MoreEssay on Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 1742 Words   |  7 PagesMark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Mark Twains classic novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, tells the story of a teenaged misfit who finds himself floating on a raft down the MississippiRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain874 Words   |  4 Pagesthe methods of their moral progressions as central themes. Such as with The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the moral progression of Huck himself is notably displayed. In the novel, Mark Twain posits that morals come from one’s experience primarily and mocks morals that come from the church, all despite claims that the most prominent and auspicious source is the community. Consistently throughout the novel, Huckleberry Finn experiences a multitude of moral dilemmas. Twain primarily uses these periodsRead MoreHuck Is a Non-Conformist1467 Words   |  6 PagesSelf-Reliance vs. Huckleberry Finn In Ralph Waldo Emersons essay Self-Reliance, he defends the personality traits that every creative human being possesses and a persons intellectual independence, which enables him to surpass the achievements of previous generations. Emerson explains how most of society is made up of conformists, people that simply conform to a past technique created by earlier innovators. Against being a conformist, Emerson chooses to support being a creator, or a person

Henry Fords Key to Production and Efficiency Essay examples

Henry Ford created the Model T with the goal of producing a car that could be marketed to the middle class. Up until this point the average car produced cost around $2,000, which exceeded the price range of most Americans. Ford saw the middle class as an economic opportunity, a chance to create more costumers while still manufacturing the same product. His decision was not based exclusively on the lucrative market of the middle class though, but also on his humanitarian belief that citizens deserved the opportunity to purchase a car, as it would allow them to â€Å"enjoy with his family the blessing of hours of pleasure in Gods great open spaces. Not surprisingly, when Ford created the Model T the working class flooded factories with†¦show more content†¦In 1867 meat packers in Chicago set up slaughterhouses with steam driven trolley systems. These trolleys were used to carry carcasses past 125-150 stationary workers. This system was often referred to as a disassembly line as workers would cut meat of the deceased animals as they came around on the trolley. After the eventual installation of his first ever-moving assembly line, Ford claimed that in fact â€Å"the idea came in a general way from the overhead trolley that the Chicago packers use in dressing beef† . These trolley systems even incorporated what would later become known as ideas of Taylorism because they minimized the amount of skill each butcher needed and brought the work directly to workers. During a visit to one of these Chicago slaughterhouses, one of Ford’s employees, known as William Klann, saw potential in the disassembly line and believed it could be used in reverse. Klann believed that, when used in reverse, Ford could use this â€Å"disassembly line† in order to manufacture cars at a cheaper price and more efficiently . Klann was specifically intrigued by the efficiency of one worker removing the same strip of meat continuously. Consequently Klann returned home and brought this concept to his superiors only to be doubted, specifically by the future Head of Ford Production Peter Martin . Eventually Klann’s idea caught on and was accepted by Ford as he saw potential in it. Klann’s findings were the beginningShow MoreRelatedFord Motor Company Essay1149 Words   |  5 PagestorFord Motor Company Case Report Executive Summary Ford Motor Company is based in Dearborn Michigan and was incorporated in 1903 by Henry Ford. Its core business is the design and manufacturing of automobiles. 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This machine was used to save labours hours separating cotton, this concept of using mechanization to find ease in production was adopted into Singers sewing machine. At this time in history women were starting to have more of a voice and were taking on more household tasks and this ease of fabrication for textiles rather than hand sti tching was very appealing. HoweverRead MoreHenry Ford s Management Strategies2168 Words   |  9 Pages Henry Ford (1863-1947), the founder of Ford Motor Company was an innovator and a visionary businessman. He was born in a moderate household to a farmer, William Ford and always had a flare for machines. He built his first vehicle, the Ford Quadricycle in 1896 and then went on to establish his own company, Ford Motor Company in 1903. He revolutionized the automobile industry by introducing the automobile, the luxury of the rich then, to the masses. He pioneered the moving assembly line for the massRead MoreTaylorism or Scientific Management Principles at Ford Motors Company1835 Words   |  8 Pageson to discuss the production methods at Ford Motors prior and post the application of the management principles along with their benefits and criticisms. As the popularity of systematic management rose, there were many organizations that were implementing its main features such as employment of more unskilled workers and work standardization methods (Thompson and Mchugh, 2009, p.28 a). It had several features, a few of which included focusing on the manner in which production took place, being preciseRead MoreEssay on Ford and Flexible Manufacturing1093 Words   |  5 Pagesmarket where brand loyalty is only as strong as the latest gizmo and horsepower upgrade. 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Martin Luther King Jr. An American Hero - 1193 Words

Thomas Jefferson once said, â€Å"All men are created equal.† These famous words soon became the basis of American ideology, and they outlined the new concept of democracy and American government. They represented what America stood for, nevertheless, these words were untrue. Although all men were created equal, they were not treated equally. Blacks were simply thought to be born inferior to Whites. This inequality was due to the excessive racism engraved in American society, which was rooted from the times of slavery in the American South. African Americans went through generations of struggle to get freedom and equality. They first fought for the abolishment of slavery and then the status of a citizen. However, this still did not create a†¦show more content†¦In 1957, King formed an organization called the SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference). The organization’s objective was to fight segregation and attain Civil Rights for Blacks, through the use of Black churches. Churches teamed up with members and executed protests under the direction of King. For example, the SCLC organized multiple marches such as the Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom. In April of 1963, King and the SCLC organized the Birmingham Campaign. This consisted of a series of boycotts, marches, and sit-ins in Birmingham, Alabama to fight the segregation laws of the city. However, the Birmingham Campaign met very fierce resistance. Police used high-pressure hoses, dogs, and other harsh methods to control protesters. When media captured this footage, it played a significant role in shaping public perception, as it made people feel sympathetic towards Blacks. Overall, King’s efforts with the SCLC had a great impact on the Civil Rights Movement, by increasing public support and awareness. Additionally, one of King’s greatest speeches was carried out on August 28th of 1963. On this day the March to Washington for Jobs and Freedom took place. Over 250,000 Americans came to Washington DC to gather for one of the biggest political gatherings of the Civil Rights Movement. In front of the Lincoln Memorial, King delivered his most famous, â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech. The speech was aShow MoreRelated Martin Luther King Jr. Essay926 Words   |  4 Pagesindividuals and learn about past people who have had a great effect on people showing us what a true hero is. The late Martin Luther King Jr. is a hero in the eyes of people due to the fact that he spoke his mind as a social activist, risked his life to end segregation, and stood up for what he believed was right during the civil rights movement. Overall he was a hero for the common race. Martin Luther King Jr. grew up in Atlanta, Georgia and developed into a well-mannered and highly educated individualRead MoreThe Heroic Life of Martin Luther King600 Words   |  3 PagesThe Heroic Life of Martin Luther King Jr. Based on the information in Britannica School Encyclopedia Martin Luther King Jr. was a historical figure in African American history. He held many things to end segregation. Martin Luther King was a hero in the civil rights movement. Martin Luther King Jr. born January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia, was a Civil Rights activist during the 1950’s until his death on April 4, 1968. He held many non-violent protests against segregation. He gave famous speechesRead MoreMy Hero: Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Essay542 Words   |  3 PagesA hero is somebody who commits an act of remarkably bravery or who has shown an admirable quality such as great courage or strength of character. (Encarta, 2009) Joseph Campbell has come up with eight of his own characteristics of a hero. Joseph Campbell is known as a scholar of mythology. There are several people in our times that are considered a hero. Whether, these heroes are fictional or nonfiction, they all portray some kind of heroic abi lities. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. is one the mostRead MoreA Biography of Martin Luther King Jr. Essay1366 Words   |  6 PagesA Biography of Martin Luther King Jr. I have a dreamà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ are the famous words stated by Martin Luther King Jr. on August 28th, 1963 in civil rights movement speech (King). Although King expressed his feelings on that summer day in 1963, his ideas directly reflect his life previous to the speech and have a huge impact on many people even today. Throughout his life, King devoted so much time to the civil rightsRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr Essay1299 Words   |  6 PagesWhy was Martin Luther King Jr. such an inspiration to African Americans in America? 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The phrase/name Hard Rock is an excellent exampleRead MoreCoretta Scott, Not Just the Wife of Martin Luther King Jr. Essay1441 Words   |  6 Pageswife of Martin Luther King Jr. But what about the important things she did for this country? Coretta put her life in danger for believing what she supported and was right. Mrs. King also had programs to stay together with the community. She supported other people’s beliefs and doing that gave some people motivation that anything is possible. People also have to give her credit for even being Martin Luther King Jr.’s wife. His family had to go through a lot with him being an African American tryingRead M ore: A Hero Is A Hero1414 Words   |  6 PagesPeople define the word â€Å"hero† differently. Some see them as a dragon slayer that has been tormenting the hero’s village, or someone who sneaks into a booby-trapped cave trying to retrieve a precious stone while simultaneously trying to stay alive. Others see them as someone that flies over their home city saving a baby from a bunch of armed burglars, fighting them with laser vision. Merriam Webster defines it as a â€Å"mythological or legendary figure often of divine descent endowed with great strengthRead MoreBeing A Hero Means To Be A Leader. To Be A Leader You Have1124 Words   |  5 PagesBeing a hero means to be a leader. To be a leader you have to have strength, courage, and commitment. In the 1960s there were many leaders fighting for what they believe is right of freedom and equality of all people. Major leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X they were involved with the Civil Rights Movement during the 60s. They were willing to fight until the end to make a change in society. Both men wanted to give the rights to all black people in America of living as an equalRead MoreClaudette Colvin : Martin Luther King Jr. And Rosa Parks813 Words   |  4 PagesWhen many people think of the Civil Rights Movement and its leaders, the first names that comes to mind are Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks. However, there were so many people that were just as influential and deserving of recognition as Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks. One of these people, Claudette Colvin, was â€Å"Rosa Parks before Rosa Parks†. Claudette Colvin grew up in King Hill, Alabama- a close-knit community that was stuck between two white neighborhoods. She attended a one-room

Mangroves and Their Importance Free Essays

Intro to Environmental Issues Mangroves And Their Disappearance 3/11/2013 Bsc Sem-II Submitted By: Ammal Afroze Submitted to: Mrs Almas Hamid Table Of Contents What are Mangroves? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 Importance And Role Of Mangroves Ecosystem †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. We will write a custom essay sample on Mangroves and Their Importance or any similar topic only for you Order Now . 2,3 Disappearance Of Mangroves †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Causes Of Disappearance Of Mangroves †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3,4 Effects Of Disappearance Of Mangroves †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 Present Condition Of Mangroves In Pakistan †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4,5 References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. What is Mangrove? The term ‘mangrove’, is used to refer to the highly adapted plants found in tropical forest communities or the ecosystem itself. The term ‘mangrove’ may have been derived from a combination of the Malay word ‘manggi-manggi’, for a type of mangrove tree (Avicennia) and the Arabic ‘el gurm’, for the same, as ‘mang-gurm’. Mangrove is a tree or shrub that grows in muddy, chiefly tropical coastal swamps. Generally exceeding one half metre in height. Mangrove plants vary genetically and those found on land are not of same types. They are of different types. An increase in mangroves has been suggested for climate change mitigation. Big groups of mangroves and other plants are called mangrove swamps, mangrove forests, and sometimes simply manga. The mangrove community is the biotic part of our ecosystem. Importance And Role Of Mangrove Ecosystems: Mangroves are not only important but crucial for the coastal areas. The most important role of mangroves is that they protect vulnerable coastlines from waves because they hold the soil together and prevent coastal erosion. Mangroves shield inland areas during storms and minimize damage. Example: For example, learning from the 2005 tsunami in Asia, there were no deaths in the areas which had mangrove forests, compared to those areas without, which suffered massive causalities. Mangrove forests provide homes for several species of plants and animals. Migratory shorebirds and waders seek the mudflats for food. Birds establish large roosting and nesting sites in mangroves. Several species of fish, monkeys, and turtles find refuge there. The beaches along more mature undisturbed mangroves also serve as nesting sites for endangered sea turtles. Mangroves are fish nurseries as they serve as a source of food for fish and crabs that live in rivers and the shallow areas of the sea/ocean. And they provide a safe haven for juvenile fish, and crab located on coastline. Mangroves therefore contribute significantly in fishing industry and provide us with our fish resource. ACT AS A FILTERING SYSTEM They act as filtering systems for the run-off and ground waters, clarify adjacent open water, which facilitates photosynthesis in marine plants. Mangroves also help to control other forms of pollution, including excess amounts of nitrogen and phosphorous, petroleum products, and halogenated compounds. Mangroves stop these contaminants from polluting the ocean waters through a process called rhizofiltration. TRAP DEBRIS AND SILT Mangroves trap debris and silt contributing to soil formation and stabilizing the coastline. SERVE AS HABITAT Their roots provide shelter for many marine and terrestrial animals, protecting them from ocean currents and strong winds. Many threatened or endangered species reside inside. PRODUCE NUTRIENTS Mangroves shed a large amount of leaf litter, being dropped and then broken down by bacteria and fungi which is made available to the food chain of aquatic animals. Therefore mangroves contribute to productivity in off shore water. SERVE AS NURSERY AND REFUGE For many juvenile fish and invertebrates such as spiny lobster, gray snapper, jacks and barracuda. Mangroves are the nesting grounds for many water birds. Disappearance Of Mangroves: Mangrove forests are one of the world’s most threatened tropical ecosystems. More than 35% of the world’s mangroves are already gone. The figure is as high as 50% in countries such as India, the Philippines, and Vietnam, while in the Americas they are being cleared at a rate faster than tropical rainforests. 12 species of mangroves found in India are considered to be ‘Critically Endangered’ and a total of 57 mangrove and mangrove-associated species are considered threatened. The main reasons for the destruction in the area are mainly due to population pressure in and around the mangrove belts. Causes Of Disappearance Of Mangroves: * Mangroves are extremely sensitive to current rising sea levels caused by global warming and climate, Cyclones, typhoons and strong wave action. Insect such as Wood borers, Caterpillars, beetles eat the mangrove foliage and damage the wood. * Weeds often occupy deforested mangrove areas and restrict the re-growth of mangrove tree species. * Barnacles are a type of arthropod which when attached to young seedlings, interferes with respiration and photosynthesis and delays seed ling growth. Oysters, Crabs, Gastropods also damage the plant parts. * Mangrove trees are used for firewood, construction wood, pulp production, charcoal production, and animal fodder. While harvesting has taken place for centuries, in some parts of the world it is no longer sustainable, threatening the future of the forests. * Dams and irrigation reduces the amount of water reaching mangrove forests changing the salinity level of water in the forest. When salinity becomes too high the mangroves cannot survive. Freshwater diversions can also lead to mangroves drying out. * Pollution is the major problem in world. Toxic man-made chemicals carried by river systems from sources upstream can kill animals living in mangrove forests, while oil pollution can smother mangrove roots and suffocate the trees. Effects Of Mangroves Disappearance: Mangroves are saline coastal forests include heavy biomasses of trees and shrubs. Such forests are essential in protecting the coastal regions they surround from erosion, but they have also been shown to help mitigate the effects of tropical storms by buffering coastal communities against hurricane-like winds and tidal surges. * Widespread destruction of mangroves (Bahamas, Australia) has resulted in the loss of some of the world’s most diverse ecosystems. As a side effect his has greatly increased shoreline hazards and beach erosion rates. The greatest benefit of mangroves is their ability to reduce storm surge. This benefit is long-term and requires no maintenance. The 1999 super typhoon, Orissa, killed over 10,000 people in India drowning many with its powerful storm surge * The widespread destruction of Burma’s mangroves has magnified another human disaster in the wake of cyclone Nargis, a tragedy that might have claimed more than 100,000 lives, according to a news services’ estimates. Present Condition Of Mangroves In Pakistan Over 600,000 hectares of Pakistan’s coastline is under mangrove forestation. The coastal communities as well as the fisheries of the coast depend upon this ecosystem their existence is associated with its well-being. Mangroves historically have been considered to be wastelands. The vital flow of the Indus River into the Indus Delta, which constitutes one of the most extensive mangrove areas along the Pakistani coast, is heavily polluted by a variety of ndustrial effluents, sewage, solid waste and nutrient-enriched irrigation water. THE Indus delta mangroves are under the control of the Sindh forest department (280,470 ha), Port Qasim Authority (64,400 ha) and Sindh Board of Revenue (255,130 ha). The area under control of the forest department and Port Qasim is declared as `protected forest` and the area under the control of the Board of Revenue is classified as `government wasteland`. The Indus delta provides subsistence to approximat ely 200,000 people throughout the year. A recent study by WWF – Pakistan (2006) has estimated the existing cover of the Indus delta mangroves around 73,000 ha. Historically, there used to exist eight species of mangroves which have declined to four species at present. References: * www. mangrove. org * http://www. mangrovewatch. org. au * http://ocw. unu. edu * http://www. conservancy. org. hk * http://floridakeys. noaa. gov * http://whataremangroves. com/ * http://www. wwfpak. org/forest_mangrove. php * http://www. cssforum. com. pk/css-optional-subjects * www. pandas. org How to cite Mangroves and Their Importance, Essay examples

Jail Industry in Nepal free essay sample

The cement industry is operating with many difficulties in the market like labor union issues, strikes and lockouts. The major strengths of the company are market coverage, quality, market credit, government supports etc. The major weaknesses are union stress in the organization, capital, over staffing, cumulative loss, old technologies and so on. Besides this the company has good opportunities from the market in regard of raw material, government support, availability of clinker, investment opportunity to third party, and the failure of key competitors like Himal cement factory and other private organizations. The major threats of the organization are external labor unions, government appointment process of top level management, foreign interest on the cement industry of Nepal as a whole etc. The company has short term objectives of better utilization of raw material, wastages management, managing overstaffing, increasing the annual turnover. It has medium term objectives of optimization of plant capacity, maintenance of plants, management of labor unions, and lessen the cumulative loss. The long term objectives are capital enhancement, replacement of plants, realizing corporate social responsibility, quality assurance to consumer. The structure of the organization is top to bottom and is supported by vertical chain of command. It has no organizations functions like marketing and human resource. The structure is not appropriate in the context of modern management where its competitors are getting closer to the latest technology. The company has not updated in plant and is operating by using of old plants. It has no customer relation management. There is neither front desk nor any other unit to deal with customer in the industry. Organization behavior is less understood by the management. Further this, the company has facing a lot of challenges in regard of human resources. The company is running with over staffing problem and it has no recruiting task since last decade because of over staffing. The company has many beneficial schemes to the employee working in the organization for self retirement and normal retirement. The company is providing the life insurance to the employee and a lump sum package to the employee. Whatever the company is facing the challenges the company has abundance opportunity to succeed over the market if it gives the enough opportunity for the advancement of the company brand image. It is getting a good response from the market in terms of turnover without having any marketing policies. The company needs to be operated in its maximum capacity for which plant replacement and capital enhancement has to be done. Labor unions should be managed properly and employees and line mangers should be provided with training and development opportunity. The company should be able to generate positive work environment and it should foster the corporate social responsibility over the nation. Parallel concern should be given in the management of wastage so that the company would not be noticed by the environmental issues besides its quality slogan. CHAPTER ONE INDUSTRY PROFILE Human civilization is not the result but it is the step by step process. From the agricultural age to the age of modern digital era, many transformational activities were made for civilization, which have been from many theories, practices and revolution. The motive and stimuli for this is human’s need. Obviously many decades past, but human needs are getting more and more complex. People always move from hierarchy of need from physical to spiritual. Mental revolution and conflict of people always gives a sound solution for every problem to them. For the mental and spiritual need he runs through virtual production and for the fulfillment of physical need a person runs through physical production. According to Albert Einstein, â€Å"Nothing can be destroyed in the world except to make the change in the form of any production. † Hence we all are surrounded by production process everywhere. When a people takes birth he needs energy from food, which is the result of production process, further needs shelter and clothing again is the result of production process. Talking about the shelter, home like infrastructure is of great meaning. Previously, soil and stone were in use for such infrastructure but now it is the cement that is used for every structure like bridge, hospital, school, building road and so on. As the need of infrastructure is growing so the need of cement is growing and hence the cement factories are also growing. In today’s world skyscrapers can be seen in every society. Supply of land is strictly limited but population is increasing continuously. To meet this need many infrastructure is needed. Global Scenario Cement is nothing special but it is a kind of stone that got 1400 degree Celsius heat and that changed with some feature like sticky and durability getting the use of building many kinds of physical infrastructures like bridge, school, house, road, highway, hospitals and so on. Cement is natural element provided to human for its developmental needs. Cement has the quality of durability that joints the bricks to form the structure. Talking about the history of cement, it was found a long ago with the human civilization but with the limited use. At that time people used to use it only as a stone a soil to color the homes. But today it has a wider use. There are a lot of factories producing cement in the world to address the need of growing demand. Many developed countries are using it to make their infrastructure strong. China used it then to build the Great wall. India has the history of using cement science its origination. America, having its strength in every aspect is using cement science 13th century. Cement factories are growing in the world. Brazil has enough natural resources and is not only addressing her demand but also exporting to European Zone and Asian market. All the infrastructure of the world is found built by using cement and it is very easy to make the guess of history of cement. China alone is producing 49% of global demand of cement. It is one of the biggest giant to consume cement as well. The following picture will bespeak itself for the globalized scenario of the production of cement. Nepalese Scenario In Nepal, History of cement can be observed from early civilization. All the infrastructure of Kathmandu, Rana’s palace and king’s palace that were built in 13th century were built by using cement. In daily life, use of cement comes into practice without having a long history. It was then when India was ruled by British and rays of the same were shining to affect in Nepal also, cement was introduces in India and in Nepal also it was used by former kings and Rana’s. At that time there were no any industries to produce cement but people used to get cement as a special soil from big rocks in the mountain and used to collect it for daily use. Professional use of cement as binding material came into effect in Nepal from the beginning of early 1950s. As no indigenous cement manufacturing industry existed, early users of cement were dependent on imports from India to meet their needs. Gradually, around 1965, the supply of cement was diversified in the form of foreign aid program. The cement was started to import in commercial scale only in the early 1970s from China, South Korea, North Korea, Burma, Indonesia, Thailand, Japan, Hong Kong and many other countries. In 1975, the first cement plant, Himal Cement Company Limited, came into being to provide Nepals first state – owned cement manufacturing facility. Its production capacity initially was 160 ton per day and subsequently a new Chinese plant with the production capacity of 200 ton per day was added making total capacity of 360 ton per day. Then two additional plants, one at Hetauda, Hetauda Cement Industries Limited with the production capacity of 750 ton per day and other at Udayapur, Udayapur Cement Industries Limited, with the production capacity of 800 ton per day were added to the state cement manufacturing capability. Himal Cement Company was dissolved in 2002 due to environmental cause. At present, in addition to two public sector cement industries and three private mini integrated cement industries, company registration book of the Department of Industries shows 27 mini, medium and large scale integrated cement industries and 17 mini and medium scale clinker based industries are registered. Among 27 mini, medium and large scale integrated cement industries in private sector, 12 industries are producing cement. Similarly, out of 17 mini and medium scale clinker based industries, 11 industries are producing cement. The actual production data of existing cement industries both integrated and clinker based as shown in economic survey report 2006/07 are 613,643 tons in 2005/06 and 644,325 (production data for 8 months only) are low. Production is estimated as per capacity utilization shown the demand of cement in the country is being met through domestic production as well as from imports. The domestic production is predominantly forming the public sector till 2001. After 2001 the private sector is dominantly gaining ground in the share of domestic production of cement and market. The estimated capacity utilization both for public and private sector industries are shown in table 4. Considering the capacity utilization in the past, the capacity utilization as estimated seems ambiguous. The industries will utilize their capacity to 60% maximum. The capacity utilized is limited due to non – availability of adequate raw materials in time, operational insufficiency, defects in management, over manning, power load shedding etc. Key Players in the Industry In context of Nepal the key players in the cement market can be analyzed in the following way. ) Producer: The producers in the market of cement industry are many private and government agencies like Udayapur cement in government side and in private, the producers are Jagadamba cement, HP cement and so on. They initially identifies the opportunities in the market and further they find the probable client and accordingly they match their opportunities and client’s need and match them, creating the feel to their products. b) Consumer: The clients of the Hetauda Cement Industry ltd are individuals, households, INGOs, NGOs, government contractors, private organizations and so on. They always get backed by their need and always make the choice to make the best utilization of their resources. c) Competitors: Udayapur Cement Industry Ltd and Jagadamba Cement are the prime and other private cement factories are the most competitors of the Hetauda cement Industry. A competitor always seeks to find the weakness of its rivals and particularly attacks on very fact to get best over the market. All the players in the market need to perform as per their value base principle for the best functioning of the market. Both way supportive environments are essential. PEST Analysis PEST analysis is the deep study of any industry from the technical aspect of lunching, promoting and maturing of the product. It is the study of Political, Economical, Social and Technological issues. Before entering in to the market, it is very essential to have the best study of above components. It is basically because almost every decision in the market is affected by the factors of PEST. In cement factory of world and especially of Nepal PEST has the vital role. Nepal has come out through many political revolution and they are still incomplete. Constitution is in the process of drafting and there are many parties having armed material with them and demanding for their rights. Recent movement in politics of Nepal has made some system related changes but they are still unofficial. Economic environment is hanged with the political environment in Nepal and every industry especially the government agencies are facing the same challenges. Hetauda cement industries ltd. is also one of them. In PEST following happenings can be observed: a) Political: Political scenarios of the country best describe the company’s action and smooth operations. ) Political Philosophy: The country’s philosophy may be totalitarian, capitalism or mixed. Cement factory’s Policy, vision and objectives all are directed by the existing philosophy of the country which is mixed till now. ii) Political System: Political system can be democratic, republican, monarchy or federal. Whole industry may have according features as the orientation o f political system. The industry of China may be differing in principle with that of India. In Nepal it was democratic previously but after the revolution of 2005/06 it has moved towards the federal republic system. ii) Political Stability: A country with higher stable politics may have the lighter vision on the industry but the country like Nepal may not be having the clear vision of the future of the industry. In Country like Nepal where there is no stability of government persisting since a decade, Industries are dematerializing accordingly and same happening with cement industry as well. iv) Political trend: If the country is moving with the same political agenda, same development map and with the same strategies within the different political philosophy is the prime concern of any industry to operate. But Nepal is running with uncertainty of political agendas and growth road map. v) Political Party: How much is the scenario of consensus between the Political party in the country in prime factors to determine the developmental roadmap of a country and the industry within that country as well. In Nepal there are diversified nature and almost opposite nature in political party and still they are unable to follow any consensus within them. b) Economical: Economical Philosophy of the country, economical trends and values that drives an industry to make the operation is always of determining factors. Economic conditions are backed by economical environment. In Nepal Economic culture is immature since the constitution is drafting. Every company is waiting for its economic system that the government will follow in future and accordingly they are trying to make their decision in industry. i) Economic Scenario: In Nepal Mixed economic system was followed science 1950’s. But after the transformation of federal republic Nepal, it is following three pillar types economic where private, public and cooperative bodies are enforced. Cement factories are also changing their functioning accordingly. i) Investment capacities: As Nepal is having less investment opportunities in spite of its huge natural resources. Capital formation is not geared up and saving ratio apart from earning is also very low. Industrial investments are not promoting. iii) Foreign investment: Cement Industry needs huge investment and national investment alone may not be sufficient in promoting such factories. for eign investment are also not generating c) Social: Nepal has a mixed nature in culture. She has a cultural simplicity in complexity with diversified types in behavior and culture. Social structure of Nepal is very volatile. Industry has to perform the role of best producer and has to market its product in different form. Social construction of cement industry is following: i) Social norms: They are prevailing attitudes and principle over the market. In Nepal harmony in diversified norms is plasticized. ii) Life style: Nepal is economically poor country. Few populations are economically sound. Hence a company has to take this fact in consideration in its pricing policies. iii) Social class: Higher, Medium and lower class needs to be identified. Nepal is having medium in majority as a class classification. Pricing and marketing strategies can be varies accordingly. d) Technological: Technology is simply the use of technique to solve the problem. World has changed in digitalized technologies and Nepalese industry particularly cement industry needs to adopt the pace of such changing technology. Hetauda cement factory is using Japanese technology since its establishment. But other industries are lacking latest technology. i) Pace of technology: It is very essential to adjust the changing pace of technology. Nepalese cement factories are lacking the use of modern technologies. Other foreign competitors are using modest form of technology that result in competitive environment. ii) Research and innovation: Innovation is the ongoing process. Any industries without innovation last sooner or later no matter how better he is playing over the market. Cement industries in Nepal lack innovation in their production process. Applying the same trend in the product may be harmful since other industries are founding of innovation. iii) Type of technology used: Poor management in selection of technology is hampering the production in Nepalese cement industry. In this era of globalization one has to pass through strong technologies. German, Japanese, American and Chinese technologies are getting importance. PEST Analysis is the backbone of any industry reflecting all the strength and weakness surrounded by all opportunities and threat. Worldwide scenario of cement industry optimistic since there will be more and more infrastructure to be developed. In the country like Nepal where local demands are not addressed, there can be huge potential and opportunities because of its availability of 95% raw material locally. CHAPTER TWO COMPANY PROFILE Background Nepal is landlocked country. It has a wide range of natural resources. There are all geographical regions that are normally found in the world. There is the high possibility of hydro based industry since there are a lot of water resources and there is similar possibility of producing the rock based industries science there are a lot of mountains and hilly regions. A nation having such natural resources can have the better opportunities to get best in infrastructural development. Since Nepal has many types of Rocks, she has the possibility of accelerating the cement factories. Although there are many factory operating in Nepal working in producing cement, neither of the industry is running in its optimal strength. There are mainly three government cement factory: Himal, Hetauda and Udayapur cement industries. Himal Cement Industries is not in operation since last decade. Udayapur and Hetauda cement industries are running but they are not able to operate in their 50% of their capacities. Hetauda Cement Industries Ltd. was established in 1976 according to the company act 1964. It is located in Hetauda-9, Lamsure, Makawanpur, Nepal. This company has the contact office at Anamnagar, Kathmandu, Nepal. It was started with the sole objectives of distributing cement to the general public in affordable price with the best quality. Hetauda Cement Industries is the government owned enterprises. It was the concept of then King Birendra to establish Hetauda as the industrial area. And the act was enacted accordingly. Realizing the need of infrastructural development in the country Hetauda cement industry was established. Hetauda Cement Industry Ltd. Was established from the financial support from Asian Development Bank (ADB). ADB provided the loan to the government of Nepal at the rate of 1% and the government provided loan to Industry at 9%. The industry has the collaborative share of other government bodies like ministry of industry of Nepal, Hetauda cement factory has the annual capacity of 260000 metric ton (MT) and a daily capacity or 750 MT in an average. It has the import about 90% of its raw material from Nepal itself and remaining from India. This factory is using Japanese technology that was given by Garman government. Hetauda cement industry has been in operation formally from 1986. It was operating in its highest capacity of about 59% in 1992. In 1998–2000 it was operating in 48% of its capacity. Since then it is operating in an average of 44% of its capacity. In the same locality this factory does not have any competitors. Since this one is the undertaking of government, client and general public have strong interest on its brand. Historical Issues Hetauda Cement Industry Ltd has been from a long history of struggle. It has faced the issue primarily concerned with following aspects. a) Political instability: Although this company was established in 1976, it has started its operation from 1986 only. During the period it was concerning with political issue that were reflected through the political movement of then. It could not start its operation since it has the provision to appoint the BOD by the consensus of political party. Its top level structure is appointed not by any election but by parties of Nepal. b) Human Resource: It was further dealing with human resource issue of overstaffing. Due to which it has high operating cost. The main reason behind this overstaffing is political appointment. c) Labor Union: Many labor unions are pressuring the executive committee in their own interest rather than the interest of labor. Strikes, lockouts are being the culture of the industry. d) Technology: It was operating with the technology of 20th century. Modern technology is not adopted by the company. e) Maintenance: Old Machineries are running without proper maintenance. Enough concentration if would be given then it could generate the better outcome as well. Capital Structure: Hetauda Cement Industries ltd. was established from the loan of ADB and fund from the government of Nepal. It has the following capital structure to the date: Authorized capital: Rs. 3,00,00,00,000 Issued capital: Rs. 1,00,00,00,000 Paid up capital: Rs. 90, 06, 85,000 Vision Hetauda cement in every wall of the nation is the vision of Hetauda cement industry Ltd. Since it is the government undertaking it has vision to become the best model government agency of the country making it free from every destructive angle. Mission Mission of Hetauda cement Industry Ltd. is to lead the cement industry by putting the difference in the mind of consumer throughout the nation. Objectives It has the following objectives to get mission and vision closer to its practice. * Maintaining the quality of cement and cost control mechanism. * Accelerating the delivery mechanism throughout the nation. * Focusing the service aspect. * Managing the labor union and get company out from political influences. Goals The company has short term, midterm and long term goal as follows. Short term goal: Hetauda cement Industry Ltd. has short sight on: * Managing overstaffing in each department. * Sanitation and safety measures for workers. * Increasing the annual turnover. * Better utilization of raw material. * Wastage management. * Building corporate relations. Midterm goal: They are * Optimization of plant capacity. * Maintenance of plants used in Industry. * Increasing the distribution channels. * Training and development to the staff and management. * Management of labor unions. * Increasing the consumer scope. Lessen the cumulative loss. Long term goal: They are * Capital enhancement. * Replacement of plants and machinery. * Making investment on innovations. * Realizing corporate social responsibility. * Changing policy regarding political appointment in the top level management. * Quality assurance to consumer. SWOT Analysis The Analysis of Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and threat is the crucial task for an organization. Every organization is surrounded by internal and external environment. Strength and weakness is come from internal environment. Similarly opportunity and threat is come from external environment.