The three models of exchange rate determination

The three models of conversion scale assurance Theoretical This paper presents three models of conversion scale assurance. Each models depend on the balance of business sectors in the worldwide economy. The harmony of products advertise decide conversion standard as indicated by buying influence equality; the balance of currency showcase decide swapping scale as indicated by fiscal model; the balance of benefit markets decide conversion standard as per portfolio model. Presentation It is in light of a legitimate concern for an assortment of gatherings to comprehend the determinants of trade rates. For market analysts, it is for their scholarly and scholastic interest to reveal the monetary system deciding trade rates. Policymakers might want to comprehend the effects and results of trade rates to the strategies and the other way around. Account administrators might want break down the crucial components deciding trade rates and consolidate these variables in their money related or venture dynamic. Theorists in outside trade market might want to know the heading of conversion scale development aforehand to make benefit. In the accompanying, we clarify three models of conversion scale assurance, to be specific, the buying power parity(PPP), the fiscal model and the portfolio balance hypothesis. Buying Power Parity The hypothetical suspicion of Purchasing Power Parity begins from the Law of One Price. The Law of One Price in open economy expresses that, if the market is serious, no exchange cost and no boundaries of exchange, at that point indistinguishable items in various nations ought to be sold at similar costs, balanced by conversion scale, for example under a similar cash division. Something else, there is exchange opportunity. In documentation, pi =spi* (1) for pi = cost of good I at home nation, pi*= cost of good I at outside nation, s = swapping scale For instance, the value an ounce of gold cited at London in GBP ought to be equivalent to an ounce of gold cited at New York in USD times conversion scale of GBP/USD. Next, we think about a model with two nations. Them two have the skimming swapping scale systems and Law of One Price holds for all products in the two districts. At that point, the general value level of home nation is ought to be equivalent to the general value level of outside nation, balanced by conversion scale. In documentation, P=sP* (2) for P= general value level at home nation, P*= general value level at remote nation P and P*, the general value level is the weighted normal of all costs of merchandise. So if (1) holds for all products, (2) will holds. (2) is the thing that we called the total Purchasing Power Parity (supreme PPP): the general value level of each nation ought to be the equivalent whenever changed in accordance with a similar cash. As it were, the swapping scale ought to be controlled by the relative value level of two nations. In the event that you can utilize $1 of home cash to purchase a container of merchandise at home nation, at that point the $1 changed over to outside money ought to have the option to purchase a similar bushel of items in remote nation, for example they have a similar buying power. We can decipher that PPP is a since quite a while ago run harmony level of conversion scale that there is fundemental power of interest and gracefully in merchandise market to hold it. For instance, accept that the residential value level is higher than the outside value level under a similar cash measure, for example P > sP*. On the off chance that merchandise are indistinguishable and there is exchange cost and hindrances of exchange, at that point customers from household nation won't accepting nearby items. They will utilize their local money to trade to outside cash to purchase remote items, which is less expensive. The power of flexibly and request of cash will drives down conversion scale to deteriorate. Thusly, deterioration of swapping scale will bring down the cost of household products(under a similar cash measure) and afterward the PPP harmony, P = sP* is held. However the outright PPP to be excessively exacting, business analysts thinks about a more fragile structure, called the relative PPP. It expresses that rate changes in value levels of two nations decide the rate change in conversion scale. In documentation, ΆP/P = Þ†s/s +ΆP*/P* (3) The relative PPP is a more vulnerable type of outright PPP in such a case that total PPP remains constant, the relative PPP remains constant additionally yet not the other way around. Additionally, change in value level is undoubtedly the expansion rate. The relative PPP infers that conversion scale ought to be adjustedãžâ€ e/e to the contrast between two nations expansion rates. For instance, a nation with hyperinflation should experience considerable deterioration in its money. Observational Support The Purchasing Power Parity expresses that relative value level is an essential determinant of swapping scale. An observational test might want to see whether there is such a relationship in recorded information. The PPP theory has be tremendously and widely tried experimentally by financial specialists. The broad tests by market analysts discovered almost no experimental help to PPP. Conversion scale and the relative value level are disconnected in short run and medium run. Over the long haul, results found that conversion scale would combine to the hypothetical balance an incentive from PPP, yet at an exceptionally moderate rate. At the primary glace, PPP is by all accounts a too severe speculation that its supposition that is probably not going to hold. Actually, there is exchange cost and obstructions of exchange. The general value levels in fact incorporate non-tradable merchandise and various nations have various parts in their general value level. These deviations of the hypothetical PPP will cause the local value level and remote value level not joins, however hold at some strayed level. Writing Review Official (1982) contains an itemized outline on the hypothetical and observational deals with PPP at beginning phase. Rogoff (1996) gives a more update review on PPP and their exact tests. Taylor (2004) utilizes increasingly complete information and all the more remarkable econometric tests, as they portray, hold comparably result as past researchers. Money related model As conversion scale is the general cost of two monetary standards, it is sensible to consider the gracefully and request of cash be a significant determinant of trade rates. Presentation of cash flexibly and cash request, two extremely crucial macroeconomic factors, into our models The financial methodology lays on the amount hypothesis of cash in macroeconomics. Right off the bat, Money gracefully (Ms) is an amount dictated by the national bank. In the amount hypothesis, cash is with the end goal of mode of trade. Cash request of an economy is legitimately corresponding to the general value level and furthermore the amount of genuine yield. For instance, in the event that the general value level is multiplied, at that point the economy would require twofold measure of cash for their exchanges. A similar thought holds for amount of genuine yield. At that point, Md = kPy (4) Where Md is cash request, P is the value level, y is the genuine yield and k is the speed of cash. In harmony, Money flexibly should be equivalent cash request, thus: Ms = kPy (5) By improving, we have P= Ms/ky (6) By this structure, we can decipher that given a degree of genuine yield of the economy and a given degree of cash gracefully dictated by the national bank, the value level of the economy will be acclimated to Ms/ky. Let * means the outside money factors. We expect the amount hypothesis of cash maintains outside nation too. We have Ms*= k*P*y* (7) The second significant presumption of the money related methodology is that PPP remains constant. The conversion standard consistently achieves its PPP harmony level, as in (2). In the fiscal methodology, we have three connections of factors now: the amount cash of home nation, amount cash of remote nation, and PPP. Consolidating there three connections and revising the three conditions, we have: Ms/ky = S Ms*/k*y* (8) The amount hypothesis of cash and PPP are two structure squares of the financial methodology. The PPP discloses to us that at the since quite a while ago run harmony, the conversion scale ought to be equivalent to the proportion of home and outside value level. The amount hypothesis of cash marcoeconomics depicts that value level of a nation is identified with cash flexibly of national bank and genuine yield of the economy. Consolidating them, the financial methodology presumed that trade is dictated by residential and outside cash gracefully (Ms Ms*), household and remote genuine yield (y y*), and local and remote speed of money(k k*). A significant ramifications of the fiscal methodology is that national banks cash gracefully strategy would have essential effect on conversion scale. Start with the residential national bank out of nowhere increment the cash gracefully by a generous sum, with all other local and outside factors keep unaltered. The amount hypothesis of cash suggests that the ascent of cash flexibly without increment in genuine yield will drives up the residential value level, which implies expansion too. The expansion in residential value level will incite household individuals to purchase increasingly remote items and cause the conversion scale to devalue. This is the equivalent equilibrating instrument depicted in PPP. We may consider the greatness of deterioration of cash by increment of household cash gracefully. As indicated by condition (x), swapping scale, s, is straightforwardly relative to Ms. So in the fiscal methodology, a given rate increment in cash gracefully will prompts a similar level of deterioration of money. A characteristic result of the above examination is to check whether remote cash flexibly would prompts what kind difference in conversion scale. From condition (x), we can see that outside cash flexibly Ms* comes into deciding the conversion scale. On the off chance that the remote national bank increment cash flexibly, the outside money would deteriorate as by our past examination. At that point, thus, the household money would acknowledge moderately. Then again, we may think about the impact of an expansion in genuine yield on conversion scale in the money related methodology. Given a fixed degree of cash flexibly, genuine yield increment will prompts bringing down p

City Development in Northen Virginia and Seoul Essay

City Development in Northen Virginia and Seoul - Essay Example On the off chance that all the above are accessible and helpfully, found, at that point networks may live well. Nonetheless, if houses are worked so that they are scattered or in confinement, at that point chances are that neighborhood governments/different partners should spend immense entireties on this. 2 Furthermore, such poor city plans cause exorbitant utilization of fuel, wastage of time while getting starting with one point then onto the next and constrained efficiency. Overabundance utilization of assets additionally irritates the circumstance. At the point when Cities or towns fabricate their homes in far off areas, at that point citizens should go through enormous aggregates of their cash in building access streets. In any case, Northern Virginia comes up short on a portion of these highlights. In Accomack County, a challenging 80% of the representatives in the region work inside it. In this manner, the rest of the rate needs to make a trip to different goals discovered outside it. Then again, thirty four percent of the laborers in Prince William County work inside it. The rest of the laborers need to go outside the province. This suggests right around 70% of laborers in some other area need to move to another region when going to work. 3 The general aftereffect of these progressions is... Also, ineffectively constructed houses are increasingly hard to keep up in light of the fact that they require significant expenses per unit. These significant expenses are in the end moved to the citizen and he may think that its hard to hurt out a living in such a zone. Numerous executives in Northern Virginia have wrongly assumed that further street development will take care of the issues in any case, this not really obvious. The most feasible alternative for Northern Virginia is presentation of keen structure plans. On the off chance that houses were worked in helpful areas, there would be a lesser weight on the citizen since houses would be built in one region and there would be no requirement for over the top fuel use in transport. This likewise implies savvy city improvement additionally forestalls contamination since it will limit carbon outflow. 4 Northern Virginia has recorded elevated levels of rambling houses in light of the fact that the nearby government has not tried directing private turns of events. This suggests houses are fabricated erratically and it turns out to be progressively hard to deal with their asset utility. Northern Virginia's structures are likewise not practically arranged. For example, developments might be done in exceptionally fruitful soils that are better wellsprings of farmland. Furthermore, where houses are concentrated, some of them don't have any type of support zones to a low fro contrasts in usefulness. For instance, a dairy ranch and a condo are situated close to each other. Maybe the most concerning issue in Northern Virginia is the way that the nearby specialists have negligible forces with respect to land use. The majority of them come up short on the capacity to design houses in the Coty. Private designers can figure out which parts will create and which ones won't. The law explicitly

Explanations for Inequality Essay

There are numerous sociological clarifications for female imbalance in the public arena. Imbalance is the place something/somebody is viewed as not equivalent contrasted with something different. For instance men have a bigger number of chances than ladies throughout everyday life, proposing females endure immense disparity in numerous variables of life. Right off the bat, Anne Oakley talks about how ladies endure imbalances in the work place. Oakley takes note of that after the mechanical insurgency in Britain acts were passed to restrain ladies working; in 1851 one out of four wedded ladies worked though in 1911 one out of ten worked. During the Victorian time the philosophy that a woman’s place was in the home turned out to be genuinely settled and industrialisation prompted the partition of men from the every day schedule of residential life. Presently it is guaranteed that ladies experience the ill effects of four primary imbalances in the working environment. Right off the bat, there is the much discussed pay hole in which, despite the fact that enactment to stop inconsistent compensation was presented in the 1970’s, the albeit narrowing compensation hole is as yet noticeable among people. Also 50% of all females in work are in low maintenance business; this type of work is frequently less secure with less advantages. Thirdly, ladies experience the ill effects of vertical isolation; this is some of the time alluded to as â€Å"the biased based impediment effect†. Ladies are apparently unfit to accomplish the higher positioning positions and are halted from accomplishing administrative situations by an imperceptible boundary. Finally, ladies are said to experience the ill effects of even isolation which is the possibility of gendered employments. Liberal women's activist Oakley accuses the prevailing housewife mother job, proposing that a wifes job is essentially residential, in this way imbalance is inescapable. There are reactions for this investigation in any case, proposing that it see’s imbalance as essentially simply an issue of time. Just as natural factors, and time Victoria Beechey, from a marxist point of view has deleveloped an investigation which see’s ladies as a hold armed force of work. She utilizes this so as to clarify the situation of ladies in the work showcase. Marx contended that free enterprise required a hold armed force of work, that is an extra pool of potential volunteers to the work power. Beechey distinguishes various manners by which ladies in present day Britain are especially fit to shape some portion of this save armed force. She proposes that women’s employments are most drastically averse to be secured by repetition enactment, so it’s less expensive to make them excess instead of men, recommending immense imbalance as it shows ladies are better than men. Besides she proposes that jobless wedded ladies may not be elegible to get state benefits if their spouses are working, and thus they probably won't show up in joblessness insights. Beechey says that ‘women’ who are made excess can vanish practically suddenly and completely once again into the family. She additionally proposes that ladies are bound to acknowledge low maintenance work because of their residential job, ladies will in general be glad in tolerating less wages than their spouses as they can depend on their man. This causes you to understand that still in the public eye, ladies who don’t work, despite the fact that they need to is despite everything disapproved of, and it would be simpler for men to land positions than ladies, indicating imbalance among ladies and men. Bruegel challenges this hypothesis, she addresses the supposition that the interests of capital must be served if ladies are to be utilized as a save armed force of work. She calls attention to that ladies can likewise profit private enterprise by creating residential work in the home, as this lessens the sum that should be paid to male laborers. Linda Mcdowell like Beechey likewise discusses low maintenance work, and why ladies are bound to acknowledge it. She applies present Fordist hypothesis on female work. Post-Fordism proposes that there has been a move away from large scale manufacturing to progressively adaptable creation of authority items. Organizations keep a center of profoundly talented specialists, however most different laborers are transitory, or low maintenance, or work is contracted out to different firms. Ladies will in general be gathered in the more adaptable employments, especially low maintenance work. This proposes even today it is still difficult to for ladies to have a decent vocation like men, as because of other ‘priorities’ low maintenance work might be the main appropriate clarification. Lovering discovered proof to help this hypothesis recommending that post Fordism patterns influence just a few ladies. Moreover, post-Feminists contend that the women's liberation of the 1970s and 80s is out dated in light of the fact that it considers all to be as having similar interests and disregards the various interests of various gatherings of ladies. Natasha Walter accepts that there is still a lot of that women's activists need to change. She accepts that the post-women's activist accentuation on political rightness and language ignores the proceeding with issues of disparity which influence all ladies. Ladies despite everything will in general experience the ill effects of issues such a low compensation, absence of childcare, the double weight of paid work and residential work, neediness and local sexual viciousness. Following up on this Germaine Greer recommends that ladies can't act naturally as they despite everything need to act in the manners men need them to be. This proposes ladies endure in the hands of men, because of them being all the more remarkable and so forth. Ladies subsequently are indoctrinated into being the means by which men need them to be, for instance, apparel and make up. Radical women's activists additionally accept that men’s force and authority over men is the primary purpose behind imbalance. They accept that man centric society is the most significant idea while clarifying sex imbalances. They will in general spotlight on the force connections that are knowledgeable about private, specifically the noteworthiness of sexuality and the utilization of savagery. Kate Millet accepts that severe and inconsistent connections among people begin not in more extensive society, yet in the closeness of individual connections, in sexual organizations and in families and families or different sorts. She accepts individual connections are likewise political in that they depend on various and inconsistent measures of intensity which are controlled by sex and which are fortified in each part of more extensive society. Culture, government, convention, religion, law, instruction and the media all reflect man centric initiative and force. Pundits of this hypothesis recommend that this hypothesis is at last naturally deterministic, since the organic realities of proliferation are at the core of the position. Not all sociologists accept that disparity is as yet a central point in the public arena. Catherine Hakim (business analyst) proposes a ‘Rational decision theory’. She is condemning of every single women's activist position. She contends that women's activist hypotheses are both off base and deluding, and that ladies are not survivors of out of line business rehearses. She distinguishes five fantasies; women’s business had not in reality been rising, ladies were less dedicated to work than men, that their childcare duties were not the principle purpose behind them working low maintenance, that low maintenance occupations were not really more regrettable lastly that ladies were more averse to be in stable business. This conflicts with every women's activist clarification and proposes that imbalance isn't through our eyes, and a great deal has changed. Be that as it may, Crompton contends that Hakim underplays the structures inside which ladies settle on decisions. Specifically she refers to the advancement of the male provider. Other humanist like Hakim who disregard standard women's activist qualities are the dark women's activists. They are condemning of standard women's liberation proposing that they disregard the specific issues that dark ladies face. Bourne contends that white women's activists are luke-warm about handling prejudice since they appreciate social, financial and political benefits which make them part of the framework which persecutes dark ladies. Further more Yuval-Davis builds up this subject asserting that ‘non-black’ minority ethnics, for example, Iranian, Cypriot, and Chinese ladies not just face bigotry, they additionally face social man controlled society which is specific to their networks. This is proposing ladies are not so much all similarly situated and it influences individuals in an unexpected way. White women's activists will in general reject dark women's activists and overlook them from the vast majority of the examinations and hypotheses.

Characteristics of Film Noir Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Attributes of Film Noir - Essay Example Lack of definition and significant dark landscape mirrored the vile essence of American dream (Westcombe). Film noir or dark film alluded to trademark motion pictures very much idea out to be dread pictures, murder puzzle or offense melodramas (Hirsch 71). The late 1940s saw Hollywood set up standard style to portray cops, offenders and private investigators generally. Film noir additionally has a sentimental describing of adoration. Sentimental portrayal is clear in films like â€Å"Postman Always Rings Twice† and â€Å"Double Indemnity† and makes the state of mind of a lost past, a planned past and all-encompassing melancholy (Hirsch 168). Exchange is a fundamental component of film noir and it is normally blunt. Discourse is achieved by characters who scornfully or clearly communicate (Hirsch 74). Film noir characters regularly make quips like in Mitchum in 1947’s â€Å"Out of the Past†. The wisecracker’s brave witticism and irate answers are hazardous and silly. For the crowd, these perspectives are great since the character, in spite of realizing they have failed, minds less exclusively relying upon their quick tongues and brains for salvage. Lighting in film noir scenes doesn't simply include light expansion (Westcombe). Rather, lighting is utilized to shape shadows which to the crowd delineate that threat slinks around the bend. Lighting in film noir should originate from the sides as this shifts the force over the individual and makes profundity to the subject through attaching measurement (Hirsch 84). A special case of side lighting in movie noir is during a criminal’s cross examination when the light can be splendid straightforwardly on that person. Likewise, production of sharp and discrete shadows is made utilizing a solitary purpose of light. Sharp discrete shadows are utilized by crowd to build fathomable mental pictures of the articles throwing the shadows (85). Particular way to deal with camera settings

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Showcasing - Essay Example Advertisers need to give close consideration to various parts of promoting both in genuine and advanced showcasing methods; accordingly their key duty is to build up an incorporated linkage between the mental pictures of item depicted through different showcasing strategies. In rundown, client ought to be given a reasonable perspective on the item through showcasing, so he doesn't feel sold out while using the item just because, in this way invalidating the chance of overpromising. 2.0 Literature Review However, this idea is badly characterized by the current writing of promoting (Cornelisson, 2003), so progressively exact examination is justified for concerning this significant point. IMC is accounted for to positively affect the brand picture of the item (Reid, Luxton, and Movondo, 2005), through this procedure items can be promoted worldwide in negligible money related ramifications. Another investigation is of the view that promoting consolidates, verifiable proof, present turn o f events and future ramifications of an item upon customer’s personal satisfaction. Yet, traditional promotion systems couldn't convey these parts of the item (Finne and Gronroos, 2009). Accordingly, the special exercises concentrated on the current advancement of the item, thusly client couldn't relate the past, present and future with the item, this made the effect of promoting drop previously. Be that as it may, the accessibility of electronic media, for example, web gushing video innovation, gives a ground to advertisers to incorporate the multiple times of an item before clients and possibilities. IMC is additionally accepted to be profoundly adaptable in nature and could be utilized to showcase wide scope of items and administrations. (Karma and Moffatt, 2009). Subsequently this technique for promoting depends on the idea of featuring abstractive characteristics of the item, for example, great looks in the event of apparel and straightforward entry for a site. The wonde r under examination is likewise intended to fabricate client linkages on close to home level, since promotions seem delicate and exceptionally proceeding onward web and social destinations (Smith, 2010). Along these lines help in building a client base for an item. And yet the item which is publicized through IMC, must be accessible in the market, with the goal that client could be encouraged while settling on buy choice. Publicists are constrained to utilize different advertising channels to provide food for different kinds of clients; anyway the flawlessness of message’s weightiness is a critical test for business experts (Zavrsnik and Jerman). IMC is unfathomably acknowledged in the publicizing of inns and different administrations (Comm, Saura, and Rijeci, 2009) . This paper turns its concentration towards examining the celebrated instances of executing IMC in a certifiable setting by The See-board Energy and Ice inn AB. These associations have a place with totally differ ent organizations, however the appropriateness of IMC could be featured by the examination of these two battles. As a matter of first importance, this

Manage Copyright, Ethics And Privacy In An IT Environment Assignment

Manage Copyright, Ethics And Privacy In An IT Environment Assignment Manage Copyright, Ethics And Privacy In An IT Environment â€" Assignment Example > Review current Australian copyright lawAustralian copyright law was established to protect intellectual property rights of various innovative works in Australia. The copyrights apply to creative works that include literary works, dramatic works, musical works, artistic works, films, sound recordings, broadcasts and published edition. Copyrights are independent especially in contents that come as packages. For instance, in digital content, the online site developer has a separate copyright from the content developer. The independence of copyrights must ensure that all the levels of copyright issues are considered. Technically the consideration of copyright issues protects the various skills used to produce such digital contents. In Australia, copyright issues came were introduced by a legislative piece known as the ‘Copyright Act of 2006. The act covers a wide area of copyright issue including those in the digital environment. The act serves to ensure that use copyright materials are fair; innovation is available to the public through the right channel and control access or use of the digital content. Use of Material on the internetUse internet materials require that the five principles of copyrights be considered. The users have to acknowledge these materials and give respect to the material source. However, many people infringe copyrights attached to digital content. As internet users perform daily tasks like downloading content from the internet, they often take little concern on the copyright attached to such content. Internet users often reproduce downloaded content and illegally own the material. Some copyright issues allow reproducing of content only if the author is dully acknowledged. The most common digital materials whose copyrights are infringed include digital music and educational articles. It is challenging to control such infringement of digital content given that the internet is accessed globally. Ownership of copyright in computer softwar eSoftware developers are considered as innovators whenever they come up with new software capable of manipulating a task. The ownership of software can be traced back to the developers of programming languages such as Pascal, Java, and C+ all have patent rights. The main patent rights recognized by software are the people who assemble these languages to come up with software. Software like web pages often has a copyright symbol at the bottom of the page. In addition, software templates have a copyright that recognizes the owner of the software. Some of the software includes anti-virus, operating systems and other software used to manipulate data. Most computer software’s rights require users to agree to terms and conditions of use and redistribution of the software. General ruleFive fundamental principles must be considered when a topic of ownership and copyrights are highlighted (Australian Government, 2013). The principles require that owners of content earn the deserved ackno wledgment and respect. It is also important for users to observe incentives and distribution. Promotion of fair access to owners’ materials and provision of terms or condition for use are necessary. The rules and regulations attached to contents must have consistency with international requirements for copyright issues. Specific exceptionCopyright issues take into account some exceptions that are necessary especially for the digital content. However, it must be understood that exception to copyright is limited to special cases, and Internet users must not take advantage of the exceptions. The idea of exception can be in five dimensions discussed below.

Product Innovation - A Report on Plastics - Free Essay Example

Introduction Plastics have inspired and continue to give an impetus driving innovation that helps to solve societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s greatest challenges from lifesaving technologies to more sustainable living. In 1850s, plastics were first introduced by Alexander Parkes in the UK while the demand for natural polymers like amber, tortoise shells and animal horns was increasing but their supplies were limited (Andrady and Neal, 2009). As created to have similar and comparable properties to those natural polymers, plastics or synthetic polymers have been accepted to be innovative products and widely used in all industries. To date, there is a very few thing around the world which are not made of plastics. What are Plastics? Plastics are synthetic materials which typically are produced by polymerizing small single molecules known as monomers derived from petrochemical plant (Thompson et al, 2009) or other organic materials such as wood fibers, corn or banana peels. They are divided into two main categories, namely Thermoplastics and Thermosets. Significantly, the majority of plastics produced are Thermoplastics due to being moldable, reheated and reformed repeatedly without chemical change, whereas the latter can be formed only once and will be decomposed after reheat (Gloag, 1946). Although there are many different types of plastics in each group with different characteristics, all plastics have their general attributes including resistance to chemical, thermal and electrical insulators, lightweight, various degree of strength and wide range of characteristics and colours (American Chemistry Council). They can be mixed with a wide range of additives, depending on required finished products, to improve mechanical, physical or chemical properties such as foamed structure, flame retardancy, surface appearance improvement or friction reducing (American Chemistry Council). Plastics consumption Since they can imitate natures, plastics inev itably have been involved and revolutionized our lives for more than a century. The amount of global plastic production has increased over the last 60 years, from 1.7 million tones in 1950 to approximately 280 million in 2010 (Plastics Europe, 2013). Interestingly, there are four main reasons for such an increase in plastics consumption. Firstly, plastics can enhance their properties relating to toughness, lightness and chemical resistance by adding various types of chemical additives. For example, plasticizers allow plastics to be more flexible. This can be found in food packaging and processing such as plastic film wraps (American Chemistry Council). UV stabilizers, in particular, are added to prevent plastic degradation. Thus, the normal addition of various additives leads to both radical and incremental products innovation in all industries including packaging industry, building and construction industry, automotive industry, electrical and electronic industry and others (Pla stics Europe, 2013). Secondly, plastics can be molded and transformed into a wide range of forms which are necessary in all industries ranging from clothing to cutting edge technologies. Thirdly, in comparison with natural materials, plastics are inexpensive and capable of industrial cost saving. Therefore, they replace most of previous key materials such as natural polymers like metal and woods. Lastly, culture change also has an impact on the demand for plastics. Plastics were taken into account as an innovation in packaging industry, as Figure 1: World plastic production Source : Plastics à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the Facts 2012 : An analysis of European plastics production ,demand and waste data for 2011 replacement for glass and aluminium packaging, when consumers demanded for product visibility (Lange and Wyser, 2003). Although most of plastics are not transparent, they can be added some additives to create transparent plastics, such as Acrylic (polymethlamethacry late), Butyrate (cellulose acetate butyrate), Lexan (polycarbonate) and PETG (glycol modified polyethylene terphthalate). Societal benefit of plastics 1. Plastics reduce carbon monoxide emission from transportations. Due to their light weight, plastics reduce vehiclesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ weight and fuel burning, resulting in less carbon monoxide emissions which contribute to global warming. Nowadays, 20 % of private or public vehicles is made of plastics, typically in door liners, steering wheels and electronics, to make vehicles lighter than using other materials such as metals (Andrady and Neal, 2009). Wings and fuselage of Airbus A380, for instance, are designed to use 22% of carbon fibre plastics compound and consequently can result in 15% fuel saving (Plastics Europe, 2013). 2. Plastics offer health benefits in many ways. In food industry, plastics are used extensively as food containers. PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate), in particular, is normally employed for drinki ng water bottle, to keep food and water fresh and reduce food and water waste (American Chemistry Council). More importantly, plastics can protect water from contamination caused by water supply. Thus, metal pipes in original pipe system which became rusty because of Oxidation of iron in water (BBC Bitesize) were replaced by plastic pipes. Additionally, in medical aspect, plastics also offer a wide range of medical advantages such as medical packaging and devices including blood and IV bags, supporting tubes, syringes and surgical equipment (SPI, 2013). Obviously, they are incorporated into hospital design as they assist in easy cleaning and sterilizing operation room as well as isolation area against infectious and medical advance technology, especially involving restoration of heart, joints and teeth functions and creation of artificial plastic blood (Plastics Europe, 2013). 3. Initiate economics growth and employment opportunities. As great demand of plastics, there are mor e than 1.6 million people are employed in the European plastics industries with 300 million euros turnover (Thompson et al, 2009). 4. Plastics enable more efficient renewable energy. Plastics can be used for an innovation of generating renewable energy such as wind energy and solar energy. To produce wind energy by windmills, using fibre-reinforced plastics (FRIP) in production of a plastic blade and a plastic rotor offers 33% saving on Greenhouse Gas emission (GHGs) which are the major factor of climate change (Plastic Europe, 2012). In addition, 98% of solar cells are plastic photovoltaics which provide more cost-efficiency, flexibility and GHGs saving than rigid silicon solar cells (Plastic Europe, 2012). 5. Plastics lead to advance technology. Plastics possess the properties of thermal resistance, light weight and lower cost. Consequently, they are always engaged in developing electronic products and applications. For example, in hybrid solar cells, a new generation of sol ar cells from a combination between plastics and nanotechnology causes lower cost and is easier to be produced than their semiconductor counterparts. 6. Improve building and construction performance as well as save energy. Insulation foams or Polystyrene (PS) is recognized as one of the most energy-efficient building materials. By comparing insulation properties between insulation foam and concrete, 1.6 centimeters thick of rigid plastic foam is equivalent to 1.3 meters concrete thick (Plastic Europe, 2012). Furthermore, an installation of plastic applications such as doors and windows frames tends to be easy as they are lighter than other materials. Also, plastics can be used for road base-courses. A Styropor foam, commonly known as EPS, is a thermoplastic replacing concrete in construction of road when load-bearing subsoil is poor, to prevent soil deformation from the weight of concrete (GeoTech Systems Corporation, 1993). The potential example in this respect is the 100 % recy cled plastic bridge in the Onion Ditch Bridge; a new bridge in Logan County, Ohio, whose important parts were water bottles and detergent bottles which were made of PET plastics. In construction and civil engineering, plastics are usually molded into I-Beam or I-shaped sectors in order to create strength and lightweight (Rhey, 2012). Opportunity to be failure products Although plastics become basic components in all industries as they bring numerous societal benefits, there are several concerns that might cause their failure in the future. Firstly, plastics cause public health problems. Most of additives, including bisphenol A (BPA) ,which are found in many products such as medical devices, food containers, cosmetics, toys and flooring material, and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDE), are toxic and can transfer directly from plastic packaging to human (Thompson et al, 2009). The second is waste management problems. Owing to their durability, plastics require a great a mount of time for degradation or biodegradation, depending on the chemical compounds of materials and additives added. Moreover, they never burn easily as they melt and bubble and cause a terrible and dioxin smell. Most importantly, plastics cause environmental problem. If they are destroyed by burning, they will emit hazardous gas such as hydrogen chloride gas which causes greenhouse effect and eventual climate change. Moreover, if they are buried into the land, it will bar eluviation of rain water, possibly resulting in flood. Even though 26% of used plastics such as plastic bottles can be recycled, a considerable proportion of 38% is arranged into landfill (Thompson et al, 2009). As a result, toxic from additives in plastics will contaminate surrounding environments like rivers, seas or oceans. Conclusion Plastics are described as a very successful product innovation indicated from a continuous increase in demand and their productions. There are three main success factor s for plastics to become success innovative product. Firstly, their adaptable molecule structure for various unique properties such as flexibility and durability and forms lead to many technological advance in all industries. Secondly, they bring numerous societal benefits including health and environmental benefits and employment. Lastly, they have lower cost than other materials. However, there is an opportunity for them to obtain failure in the future because they can bring about important problems, particularly concerning environment and public health. 1

Find out What a Bulbous Bow Is

The strongest resistance any vessel faces in standard operations comes from displacement as the hull moves through the water. Waves that climb the bow are water being pushed aside faster than it can move away. It takes a lot of power to overcome the viscosity and mass of water and that means burning fuel, which adds to costs. A bulbous bow is an extension of the hull just below the waterline. It has many subtle shape variations but it’s basically a rounded front portion that flares out slightly as it blends into the traditional displacement hull construction. These forward protrusions are about twice as long as the width of the base and they would usually not extend forward past the top of the bow. The basic principle is to create a low-pressure zone to eliminate the bow wave and reduce drag. First appearing on the USS Delaware in 1910, the bulbous bow was a controversial design of U.S. Navy Ship Architect David W. Taylor. Much of the controversy disappeared ten years later when passenger ships began exploiting the design to increase speeds. Hulls built with bulbous bow sections are common today. Under certain conditions, this type of design is very efficient at redirecting forces of hydrodynamic resistance and drag. There is a movement against bulbous bows that allows greater flexibility of ships at a time when slow steaming is a way to save fuel. Good Conditions for Bulbous Bows The design of a ship with a bulbous bow is discussed in many textbooks and technical articles. It is often referred to as a theory or an art, which is a short way of saying nobody is 100 percent sure of what they are writing. There are details to be worked out but modern builders have proprietary ways of analyzing and integrating all hydrodynamic aspects of their hulls and these methods are strict secrets. A bulbous bow works best under certain conditions and good design gives efficiency gains throughout the range of these factors. Speed – At low speeds, a bulbous bow will trap water above the bulb without forming a low-pressure zone to cancel the bow wave. This leads to increased drag and loss of efficiency. Each design has what is known as most efficient hull speed, or often just hull speed. This term refers to the speed where the shape of the hull is acting on the water is such a way to produce the minimum possible drag. This ideal hull speed might not be the top speed of a ship because at some point the lower pressure zone created by the bow features becomes larger than necessary. A zone of lower pressure water that is larger than the hull is inefficient and leads to reduced rudder response. Ideally, the cone of lower pressure water will collapse just before the props. This gives the prop blades something to push against and limits cavitation at the props and rudder. Cavitation will lead to reduced efficiency of props, sluggish steering, and excessive wear of hull and drive components. Size – Vessels under 49 feet (15 m) do not have enough wetted area to take advantage of a bulbous bow. The amount of drag on a hull is related to its wetted area. The structure of the bulb also increases drag and at a certain point, the benefits shrink to zero. Conversely, larger ships with a high proportion of waterline to frontal area use the bulbous bow most effectively. Bad Conditions for Bulbous Bows Rough Seas – While a traditional hull rises with the wave, a hull with a bulbous bow can dig in even if it is designed to lift the bow under normal conditions. The issue of trim is one of the most deeply dividing aspects of bow design among naval architects. There is also a huge psychological aspect among crews who perceive this bow design as dangerous in storms. There is some truth that these bows dig into wave faces but there is little proof that it is more dangerous than traditional designs. Ice – Some ice breaking ships do have a special shape of a bulbous bow that is heavily reinforced. Most bulbous bows are prone to damage since they are the first point of contact with an obstacle. In addition to ice, large debris and fixed objects like dock faces can damage these extended underwater bows.

Mob Mentality in the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay

Mob Mentality in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn The critic Kenny Williams states that the Colonel Sherburn scene inThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark twain, â€Å"allow[s] a brief platform for Twain to express his own contempt for mobs in an era known for such activities and lawlessness.† This draws the attention to other scenes Twain uses to show his contempt for activities in society. In his novel Mark Twain uses characters and scenes to show his disdain for zealot faith, corrupt human nature, and blind adherence to law. In the beginning of the novel, Mark Twain shows his disdain for the blind faith of religion through Huck’s confusion. For example, when Huck states; â€Å"I says to myself, if a body can get anything they pray for,†¦show more content†¦The people in this church are easily able to give money to pirates, who are known for being crooks and liars, inviting them to stay in their homes as an honor. Thus, Twain shows his disdain for re ligious beliefs by satirizing their blind faith and gullibility. Throughout the novel, Twain shows his contempt for corrupt human nature. Although these instances are often satirized and exaggerated, the message is still the same. For instance, when the King and the Duke first start to lie about being the dead Peter Wilks’ brothers to obtain his money, Huck says, â€Å"It was enough to make a body ashamed of the human race,† (191). In this instance Twain is utilizing Huck to show his aversion to the way people lie and cheat, and how a couple of people can make a bad name for all of us. Another example is when Jim sells the King and Duke out to the townspeople and they are carried on a pole, tarred and feathered. Although Huck, has tried to escape the King and Dukes several occasions and has witnessed the cruelties put on others and lies they tell, he does not think that they deserve similar treatment. In fact, he says, â€Å"Human beings can be awful cruel to one ano ther,† (269). Through Huck, Twain is voicing his opposition to how people treat one another, whether they deserve it or not. Thus Twain is using his novel to voice his enmity for the cruelty in human nature. Twain also shows his aversion toShow MoreRelatedRacism : Discrimination Or Antagonism Directed Against Someone Of A Different Race1636 Words   |  7 PagesRacism: discrimination or antagonism directed against someone of a different race. Even though The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a novel about a young boy the story has an underlying message of the truth of racism. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a novel set in the late eighteen hundreds hundreds and is considered by many the quintessential American novel. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a highly controversial book with many supporters and many hecklers. Some consider the book to beRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain931 Words   |  4 PagesWolski Mrs. Goska English 2H Period 3 22 October 2014 The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Mob mentality is the way an individual’s decisions become influenced by the often unprincipled actions of a crowd. Mark Twain penned The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Twain grew up in America’s southern states during the early 1800’s, a time in which moral confusion erupted within the minds of humans. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn s protagonist is a young boy named Huck who freely travels alongRead MoreHuck Finn1257 Words   |  6 PagesHuck Finn Essay: Twain and Social Criticism Feuds, Frauds, and Fools: Huck Finn and Twains Critique of the Human Race Mark Twain’s famous realist novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, is a masterpiece of social criticism and analysis. The author skillfully depicts a variety of human failings and foibles, personified in the characters of everyday people and groups. Twain appears to be satirizing and criticizing the old South, but underneath his humorous portrait of Southern social issuesRead MoreHuck Finn - Hypocrisy of Society Essay693 Words   |  3 Pagesauthors view on any given subject. Although many people start to read The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn thinking that it is a simple novel on a boys childhood, they soon come to realize that the author, Mark Twain, expresses his opinions on multiple important, political issues. Twain touches on subjects such as slavery, money and greed, society and civilization, and freedom. From the time of its publication, Huckleberry Finn has been distinguished as a novel with prodigious political positions andRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Mark Twain s Huckleberry Finn1082 Words   |  5 PagesBen Choi Mr. Biber April 3, 2015 English III H A Literary Analysis on the Themes of Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn David Hume, a Scottish philosopher of the 1700s, once said, Mankind are so much the same, in all times and places, that history informs us of nothing new or strange in this particular. Its chief use is only to discover the constant and universal principles of human nature. These â€Å"principles of human nature†, however, can be examined not only in history itself, but also in stories writtenRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1678 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"Mark Twain’s story about a young boy and his journey down the Mississippi was the first great novel to speak in a truly American voice.† Quoted from the back of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, this sentence suggests the novel to be an American classic, even to go so far as to say The American Classic, as it later goes on to say that it: â€Å"influenc[ed] subsequent generations of writers.† Based on this summary paragraph, one receives a general idea of this book’s importance to American literatureRead MoreCrowd Individuality Essay1666 Words   |  7 Pagesprovoking state of mind of society (Orwell). The naive stay happy, tradition brings normality, and a lack of self-expression leaves the mind at ease, for there is no one to reject it. Crowd mentality has driven society since the Stone Age, and throughout the course of history writers have recorded such mentalities and behaviors loving and/or criticizing it. George Orwell is not the only autho r to critique society’s forced state of being; many others have an apparent disapproval and criticism for societyRead MoreEssay on Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 1742 Words   |  7 PagesMark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Mark Twains classic novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, tells the story of a teenaged misfit who finds himself floating on a raft down the MississippiRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain874 Words   |  4 Pagesthe methods of their moral progressions as central themes. Such as with The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the moral progression of Huck himself is notably displayed. In the novel, Mark Twain posits that morals come from one’s experience primarily and mocks morals that come from the church, all despite claims that the most prominent and auspicious source is the community. Consistently throughout the novel, Huckleberry Finn experiences a multitude of moral dilemmas. Twain primarily uses these periodsRead MoreHuck Is a Non-Conformist1467 Words   |  6 PagesSelf-Reliance vs. Huckleberry Finn In Ralph Waldo Emersons essay Self-Reliance, he defends the personality traits that every creative human being possesses and a persons intellectual independence, which enables him to surpass the achievements of previous generations. Emerson explains how most of society is made up of conformists, people that simply conform to a past technique created by earlier innovators. Against being a conformist, Emerson chooses to support being a creator, or a person

Henry Fords Key to Production and Efficiency Essay examples

Henry Ford created the Model T with the goal of producing a car that could be marketed to the middle class. Up until this point the average car produced cost around $2,000, which exceeded the price range of most Americans. Ford saw the middle class as an economic opportunity, a chance to create more costumers while still manufacturing the same product. His decision was not based exclusively on the lucrative market of the middle class though, but also on his humanitarian belief that citizens deserved the opportunity to purchase a car, as it would allow them to â€Å"enjoy with his family the blessing of hours of pleasure in Gods great open spaces. Not surprisingly, when Ford created the Model T the working class flooded factories with†¦show more content†¦In 1867 meat packers in Chicago set up slaughterhouses with steam driven trolley systems. These trolleys were used to carry carcasses past 125-150 stationary workers. This system was often referred to as a disassembly line as workers would cut meat of the deceased animals as they came around on the trolley. After the eventual installation of his first ever-moving assembly line, Ford claimed that in fact â€Å"the idea came in a general way from the overhead trolley that the Chicago packers use in dressing beef† . These trolley systems even incorporated what would later become known as ideas of Taylorism because they minimized the amount of skill each butcher needed and brought the work directly to workers. During a visit to one of these Chicago slaughterhouses, one of Ford’s employees, known as William Klann, saw potential in the disassembly line and believed it could be used in reverse. Klann believed that, when used in reverse, Ford could use this â€Å"disassembly line† in order to manufacture cars at a cheaper price and more efficiently . Klann was specifically intrigued by the efficiency of one worker removing the same strip of meat continuously. Consequently Klann returned home and brought this concept to his superiors only to be doubted, specifically by the future Head of Ford Production Peter Martin . Eventually Klann’s idea caught on and was accepted by Ford as he saw potential in it. Klann’s findings were the beginningShow MoreRelatedFord Motor Company Essay1149 Words   |  5 PagestorFord Motor Company Case Report Executive Summary Ford Motor Company is based in Dearborn Michigan and was incorporated in 1903 by Henry Ford. Its core business is the design and manufacturing of automobiles. As Teri Takai, the Director of Supply Chain Systems, I will recommend Environmental and Root Cause Analysis How should Ford progress with emerging technologies and other high tech ideas Virtual integration - Ford needs to radically change its supply chain to keep up with the changing technologiesRead More Ford Motor Company Supply Chain Strategy Essay1397 Words   |  6 PagesFord Motor Company Supply Chain Strategy Background In 1913, Henry Ford revolutionized product manufacturing by introducing the first assembly line to the automotive industry. Ford’s hallmark of achievement proved to be a key competence for the motor company as the low cost of the Model T attracted a broader, new range of prospective car-owners. However, after many decades of success, customers have become harder to find. Due to relatively new threats to the industry, increasing numbers ofRead MoreThe Product Of A Product1466 Words   |  6 Pagesrate. In selling a product, one must take multiple factors into consideration. Factors such as: if the product suits the target market, if this product is affordable by all classed-citizens, or if the profit of the product out-weighs the cost of production. Once all of these factors have been taken into consideration and have been respectively examined to the point that the product will have little to no chance of failure, only then can the marketing of a product become successful. Su ccessful marketingRead MoreAllocative Efficiency and Dynamic Efficiency1114 Words   |  4 PagesEfficiency is to fulfil the needs and wants of consumers by making optimal use of scarce limited resources. There are several meanings of efficiency and all are linked to how well a market shares scarce resources to satisfy consumers. The two of the terms within efficiency going to illustrate are allocative efficiency and dynamic efficiency. Allocative efficiency Allocative efficiency looks into the goods and services that match the changing consumers’ needs and preferences, reflecting on the priceRead MoreFord Case Analysis1706 Words   |  7 Pagesissues which must be addressed if the Dell model were ever to be feasible for Ford. Ford’s Supply Base The traditionalist group above was correct, Ford’s supply chain is very complex. Ford had â€Å"several thousand† suppliers, which was extremely difficult to manage. Ford tried to simplify its supply chain by reducing the number of suppliers, and create relationships with a group of capable Tier 1 suppliers. One key issue is the fact that Ford now has no actual connection to its Tier 2 suppliers andRead MoreThe Work Of The Textile Industry Of A Man By The Name Isaac Singer1445 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica was Eli Whitney’s model that involved the reduction of hard labour and this was demonstrated in his Machine, the Cotton Gin. This machine was used to save labours hours separating cotton, this concept of using mechanization to find ease in production was adopted into Singers sewing machine. At this time in history women were starting to have more of a voice and were taking on more household tasks and this ease of fabrication for textiles rather than hand sti tching was very appealing. HoweverRead MoreHenry Ford s Management Strategies2168 Words   |  9 Pages Henry Ford (1863-1947), the founder of Ford Motor Company was an innovator and a visionary businessman. He was born in a moderate household to a farmer, William Ford and always had a flare for machines. He built his first vehicle, the Ford Quadricycle in 1896 and then went on to establish his own company, Ford Motor Company in 1903. He revolutionized the automobile industry by introducing the automobile, the luxury of the rich then, to the masses. He pioneered the moving assembly line for the massRead MoreTaylorism or Scientific Management Principles at Ford Motors Company1835 Words   |  8 Pageson to discuss the production methods at Ford Motors prior and post the application of the management principles along with their benefits and criticisms. As the popularity of systematic management rose, there were many organizations that were implementing its main features such as employment of more unskilled workers and work standardization methods (Thompson and Mchugh, 2009, p.28 a). It had several features, a few of which included focusing on the manner in which production took place, being preciseRead MoreEssay on Ford and Flexible Manufacturing1093 Words   |  5 Pagesmarket where brand loyalty is only as strong as the latest gizmo and horsepower upgrade. 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Martin Luther King Jr. An American Hero - 1193 Words

Thomas Jefferson once said, â€Å"All men are created equal.† These famous words soon became the basis of American ideology, and they outlined the new concept of democracy and American government. They represented what America stood for, nevertheless, these words were untrue. Although all men were created equal, they were not treated equally. Blacks were simply thought to be born inferior to Whites. This inequality was due to the excessive racism engraved in American society, which was rooted from the times of slavery in the American South. African Americans went through generations of struggle to get freedom and equality. They first fought for the abolishment of slavery and then the status of a citizen. However, this still did not create a†¦show more content†¦In 1957, King formed an organization called the SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference). The organization’s objective was to fight segregation and attain Civil Rights for Blacks, through the use of Black churches. Churches teamed up with members and executed protests under the direction of King. For example, the SCLC organized multiple marches such as the Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom. In April of 1963, King and the SCLC organized the Birmingham Campaign. This consisted of a series of boycotts, marches, and sit-ins in Birmingham, Alabama to fight the segregation laws of the city. However, the Birmingham Campaign met very fierce resistance. Police used high-pressure hoses, dogs, and other harsh methods to control protesters. When media captured this footage, it played a significant role in shaping public perception, as it made people feel sympathetic towards Blacks. Overall, King’s efforts with the SCLC had a great impact on the Civil Rights Movement, by increasing public support and awareness. Additionally, one of King’s greatest speeches was carried out on August 28th of 1963. On this day the March to Washington for Jobs and Freedom took place. Over 250,000 Americans came to Washington DC to gather for one of the biggest political gatherings of the Civil Rights Movement. In front of the Lincoln Memorial, King delivered his most famous, â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech. The speech was aShow MoreRelated Martin Luther King Jr. Essay926 Words   |  4 Pagesindividuals and learn about past people who have had a great effect on people showing us what a true hero is. The late Martin Luther King Jr. is a hero in the eyes of people due to the fact that he spoke his mind as a social activist, risked his life to end segregation, and stood up for what he believed was right during the civil rights movement. Overall he was a hero for the common race. Martin Luther King Jr. grew up in Atlanta, Georgia and developed into a well-mannered and highly educated individualRead MoreThe Heroic Life of Martin Luther King600 Words   |  3 PagesThe Heroic Life of Martin Luther King Jr. Based on the information in Britannica School Encyclopedia Martin Luther King Jr. was a historical figure in African American history. He held many things to end segregation. Martin Luther King was a hero in the civil rights movement. Martin Luther King Jr. born January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia, was a Civil Rights activist during the 1950’s until his death on April 4, 1968. He held many non-violent protests against segregation. He gave famous speechesRead MoreMy Hero: Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Essay542 Words   |  3 PagesA hero is somebody who commits an act of remarkably bravery or who has shown an admirable quality such as great courage or strength of character. (Encarta, 2009) Joseph Campbell has come up with eight of his own characteristics of a hero. Joseph Campbell is known as a scholar of mythology. There are several people in our times that are considered a hero. Whether, these heroes are fictional or nonfiction, they all portray some kind of heroic abi lities. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. is one the mostRead MoreA Biography of Martin Luther King Jr. Essay1366 Words   |  6 PagesA Biography of Martin Luther King Jr. I have a dreamà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ are the famous words stated by Martin Luther King Jr. on August 28th, 1963 in civil rights movement speech (King). Although King expressed his feelings on that summer day in 1963, his ideas directly reflect his life previous to the speech and have a huge impact on many people even today. Throughout his life, King devoted so much time to the civil rightsRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr Essay1299 Words   |  6 PagesWhy was Martin Luther King Jr. such an inspiration to African Americans in America? 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The phrase/name Hard Rock is an excellent exampleRead MoreCoretta Scott, Not Just the Wife of Martin Luther King Jr. Essay1441 Words   |  6 Pageswife of Martin Luther King Jr. But what about the important things she did for this country? Coretta put her life in danger for believing what she supported and was right. Mrs. King also had programs to stay together with the community. She supported other people’s beliefs and doing that gave some people motivation that anything is possible. People also have to give her credit for even being Martin Luther King Jr.’s wife. His family had to go through a lot with him being an African American tryingRead M ore: A Hero Is A Hero1414 Words   |  6 PagesPeople define the word â€Å"hero† differently. Some see them as a dragon slayer that has been tormenting the hero’s village, or someone who sneaks into a booby-trapped cave trying to retrieve a precious stone while simultaneously trying to stay alive. Others see them as someone that flies over their home city saving a baby from a bunch of armed burglars, fighting them with laser vision. Merriam Webster defines it as a â€Å"mythological or legendary figure often of divine descent endowed with great strengthRead MoreBeing A Hero Means To Be A Leader. To Be A Leader You Have1124 Words   |  5 PagesBeing a hero means to be a leader. To be a leader you have to have strength, courage, and commitment. In the 1960s there were many leaders fighting for what they believe is right of freedom and equality of all people. Major leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X they were involved with the Civil Rights Movement during the 60s. They were willing to fight until the end to make a change in society. Both men wanted to give the rights to all black people in America of living as an equalRead MoreClaudette Colvin : Martin Luther King Jr. And Rosa Parks813 Words   |  4 PagesWhen many people think of the Civil Rights Movement and its leaders, the first names that comes to mind are Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks. However, there were so many people that were just as influential and deserving of recognition as Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks. One of these people, Claudette Colvin, was â€Å"Rosa Parks before Rosa Parks†. Claudette Colvin grew up in King Hill, Alabama- a close-knit community that was stuck between two white neighborhoods. She attended a one-room

Mangroves and Their Importance Free Essays

Intro to Environmental Issues Mangroves And Their Disappearance 3/11/2013 Bsc Sem-II Submitted By: Ammal Afroze Submitted to: Mrs Almas Hamid Table Of Contents What are Mangroves? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 Importance And Role Of Mangroves Ecosystem †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. We will write a custom essay sample on Mangroves and Their Importance or any similar topic only for you Order Now . 2,3 Disappearance Of Mangroves †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Causes Of Disappearance Of Mangroves †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3,4 Effects Of Disappearance Of Mangroves †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 Present Condition Of Mangroves In Pakistan †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4,5 References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. What is Mangrove? The term ‘mangrove’, is used to refer to the highly adapted plants found in tropical forest communities or the ecosystem itself. The term ‘mangrove’ may have been derived from a combination of the Malay word ‘manggi-manggi’, for a type of mangrove tree (Avicennia) and the Arabic ‘el gurm’, for the same, as ‘mang-gurm’. Mangrove is a tree or shrub that grows in muddy, chiefly tropical coastal swamps. Generally exceeding one half metre in height. Mangrove plants vary genetically and those found on land are not of same types. They are of different types. An increase in mangroves has been suggested for climate change mitigation. Big groups of mangroves and other plants are called mangrove swamps, mangrove forests, and sometimes simply manga. The mangrove community is the biotic part of our ecosystem. Importance And Role Of Mangrove Ecosystems: Mangroves are not only important but crucial for the coastal areas. The most important role of mangroves is that they protect vulnerable coastlines from waves because they hold the soil together and prevent coastal erosion. Mangroves shield inland areas during storms and minimize damage. Example: For example, learning from the 2005 tsunami in Asia, there were no deaths in the areas which had mangrove forests, compared to those areas without, which suffered massive causalities. Mangrove forests provide homes for several species of plants and animals. Migratory shorebirds and waders seek the mudflats for food. Birds establish large roosting and nesting sites in mangroves. Several species of fish, monkeys, and turtles find refuge there. The beaches along more mature undisturbed mangroves also serve as nesting sites for endangered sea turtles. Mangroves are fish nurseries as they serve as a source of food for fish and crabs that live in rivers and the shallow areas of the sea/ocean. And they provide a safe haven for juvenile fish, and crab located on coastline. Mangroves therefore contribute significantly in fishing industry and provide us with our fish resource. ACT AS A FILTERING SYSTEM They act as filtering systems for the run-off and ground waters, clarify adjacent open water, which facilitates photosynthesis in marine plants. Mangroves also help to control other forms of pollution, including excess amounts of nitrogen and phosphorous, petroleum products, and halogenated compounds. Mangroves stop these contaminants from polluting the ocean waters through a process called rhizofiltration. TRAP DEBRIS AND SILT Mangroves trap debris and silt contributing to soil formation and stabilizing the coastline. SERVE AS HABITAT Their roots provide shelter for many marine and terrestrial animals, protecting them from ocean currents and strong winds. Many threatened or endangered species reside inside. PRODUCE NUTRIENTS Mangroves shed a large amount of leaf litter, being dropped and then broken down by bacteria and fungi which is made available to the food chain of aquatic animals. Therefore mangroves contribute to productivity in off shore water. SERVE AS NURSERY AND REFUGE For many juvenile fish and invertebrates such as spiny lobster, gray snapper, jacks and barracuda. Mangroves are the nesting grounds for many water birds. Disappearance Of Mangroves: Mangrove forests are one of the world’s most threatened tropical ecosystems. More than 35% of the world’s mangroves are already gone. The figure is as high as 50% in countries such as India, the Philippines, and Vietnam, while in the Americas they are being cleared at a rate faster than tropical rainforests. 12 species of mangroves found in India are considered to be ‘Critically Endangered’ and a total of 57 mangrove and mangrove-associated species are considered threatened. The main reasons for the destruction in the area are mainly due to population pressure in and around the mangrove belts. Causes Of Disappearance Of Mangroves: * Mangroves are extremely sensitive to current rising sea levels caused by global warming and climate, Cyclones, typhoons and strong wave action. Insect such as Wood borers, Caterpillars, beetles eat the mangrove foliage and damage the wood. * Weeds often occupy deforested mangrove areas and restrict the re-growth of mangrove tree species. * Barnacles are a type of arthropod which when attached to young seedlings, interferes with respiration and photosynthesis and delays seed ling growth. Oysters, Crabs, Gastropods also damage the plant parts. * Mangrove trees are used for firewood, construction wood, pulp production, charcoal production, and animal fodder. While harvesting has taken place for centuries, in some parts of the world it is no longer sustainable, threatening the future of the forests. * Dams and irrigation reduces the amount of water reaching mangrove forests changing the salinity level of water in the forest. When salinity becomes too high the mangroves cannot survive. Freshwater diversions can also lead to mangroves drying out. * Pollution is the major problem in world. Toxic man-made chemicals carried by river systems from sources upstream can kill animals living in mangrove forests, while oil pollution can smother mangrove roots and suffocate the trees. Effects Of Mangroves Disappearance: Mangroves are saline coastal forests include heavy biomasses of trees and shrubs. Such forests are essential in protecting the coastal regions they surround from erosion, but they have also been shown to help mitigate the effects of tropical storms by buffering coastal communities against hurricane-like winds and tidal surges. * Widespread destruction of mangroves (Bahamas, Australia) has resulted in the loss of some of the world’s most diverse ecosystems. As a side effect his has greatly increased shoreline hazards and beach erosion rates. The greatest benefit of mangroves is their ability to reduce storm surge. This benefit is long-term and requires no maintenance. The 1999 super typhoon, Orissa, killed over 10,000 people in India drowning many with its powerful storm surge * The widespread destruction of Burma’s mangroves has magnified another human disaster in the wake of cyclone Nargis, a tragedy that might have claimed more than 100,000 lives, according to a news services’ estimates. Present Condition Of Mangroves In Pakistan Over 600,000 hectares of Pakistan’s coastline is under mangrove forestation. The coastal communities as well as the fisheries of the coast depend upon this ecosystem their existence is associated with its well-being. Mangroves historically have been considered to be wastelands. The vital flow of the Indus River into the Indus Delta, which constitutes one of the most extensive mangrove areas along the Pakistani coast, is heavily polluted by a variety of ndustrial effluents, sewage, solid waste and nutrient-enriched irrigation water. THE Indus delta mangroves are under the control of the Sindh forest department (280,470 ha), Port Qasim Authority (64,400 ha) and Sindh Board of Revenue (255,130 ha). The area under control of the forest department and Port Qasim is declared as `protected forest` and the area under the control of the Board of Revenue is classified as `government wasteland`. The Indus delta provides subsistence to approximat ely 200,000 people throughout the year. A recent study by WWF – Pakistan (2006) has estimated the existing cover of the Indus delta mangroves around 73,000 ha. Historically, there used to exist eight species of mangroves which have declined to four species at present. References: * www. mangrove. org * http://www. mangrovewatch. org. au * http://ocw. unu. edu * http://www. conservancy. org. hk * http://floridakeys. noaa. gov * http://whataremangroves. com/ * http://www. wwfpak. org/forest_mangrove. php * http://www. cssforum. com. pk/css-optional-subjects * www. pandas. org How to cite Mangroves and Their Importance, Essay examples

Jail Industry in Nepal free essay sample

The cement industry is operating with many difficulties in the market like labor union issues, strikes and lockouts. The major strengths of the company are market coverage, quality, market credit, government supports etc. The major weaknesses are union stress in the organization, capital, over staffing, cumulative loss, old technologies and so on. Besides this the company has good opportunities from the market in regard of raw material, government support, availability of clinker, investment opportunity to third party, and the failure of key competitors like Himal cement factory and other private organizations. The major threats of the organization are external labor unions, government appointment process of top level management, foreign interest on the cement industry of Nepal as a whole etc. The company has short term objectives of better utilization of raw material, wastages management, managing overstaffing, increasing the annual turnover. It has medium term objectives of optimization of plant capacity, maintenance of plants, management of labor unions, and lessen the cumulative loss. The long term objectives are capital enhancement, replacement of plants, realizing corporate social responsibility, quality assurance to consumer. The structure of the organization is top to bottom and is supported by vertical chain of command. It has no organizations functions like marketing and human resource. The structure is not appropriate in the context of modern management where its competitors are getting closer to the latest technology. The company has not updated in plant and is operating by using of old plants. It has no customer relation management. There is neither front desk nor any other unit to deal with customer in the industry. Organization behavior is less understood by the management. Further this, the company has facing a lot of challenges in regard of human resources. The company is running with over staffing problem and it has no recruiting task since last decade because of over staffing. The company has many beneficial schemes to the employee working in the organization for self retirement and normal retirement. The company is providing the life insurance to the employee and a lump sum package to the employee. Whatever the company is facing the challenges the company has abundance opportunity to succeed over the market if it gives the enough opportunity for the advancement of the company brand image. It is getting a good response from the market in terms of turnover without having any marketing policies. The company needs to be operated in its maximum capacity for which plant replacement and capital enhancement has to be done. Labor unions should be managed properly and employees and line mangers should be provided with training and development opportunity. The company should be able to generate positive work environment and it should foster the corporate social responsibility over the nation. Parallel concern should be given in the management of wastage so that the company would not be noticed by the environmental issues besides its quality slogan. CHAPTER ONE INDUSTRY PROFILE Human civilization is not the result but it is the step by step process. From the agricultural age to the age of modern digital era, many transformational activities were made for civilization, which have been from many theories, practices and revolution. The motive and stimuli for this is human’s need. Obviously many decades past, but human needs are getting more and more complex. People always move from hierarchy of need from physical to spiritual. Mental revolution and conflict of people always gives a sound solution for every problem to them. For the mental and spiritual need he runs through virtual production and for the fulfillment of physical need a person runs through physical production. According to Albert Einstein, â€Å"Nothing can be destroyed in the world except to make the change in the form of any production. † Hence we all are surrounded by production process everywhere. When a people takes birth he needs energy from food, which is the result of production process, further needs shelter and clothing again is the result of production process. Talking about the shelter, home like infrastructure is of great meaning. Previously, soil and stone were in use for such infrastructure but now it is the cement that is used for every structure like bridge, hospital, school, building road and so on. As the need of infrastructure is growing so the need of cement is growing and hence the cement factories are also growing. In today’s world skyscrapers can be seen in every society. Supply of land is strictly limited but population is increasing continuously. To meet this need many infrastructure is needed. Global Scenario Cement is nothing special but it is a kind of stone that got 1400 degree Celsius heat and that changed with some feature like sticky and durability getting the use of building many kinds of physical infrastructures like bridge, school, house, road, highway, hospitals and so on. Cement is natural element provided to human for its developmental needs. Cement has the quality of durability that joints the bricks to form the structure. Talking about the history of cement, it was found a long ago with the human civilization but with the limited use. At that time people used to use it only as a stone a soil to color the homes. But today it has a wider use. There are a lot of factories producing cement in the world to address the need of growing demand. Many developed countries are using it to make their infrastructure strong. China used it then to build the Great wall. India has the history of using cement science its origination. America, having its strength in every aspect is using cement science 13th century. Cement factories are growing in the world. Brazil has enough natural resources and is not only addressing her demand but also exporting to European Zone and Asian market. All the infrastructure of the world is found built by using cement and it is very easy to make the guess of history of cement. China alone is producing 49% of global demand of cement. It is one of the biggest giant to consume cement as well. The following picture will bespeak itself for the globalized scenario of the production of cement. Nepalese Scenario In Nepal, History of cement can be observed from early civilization. All the infrastructure of Kathmandu, Rana’s palace and king’s palace that were built in 13th century were built by using cement. In daily life, use of cement comes into practice without having a long history. It was then when India was ruled by British and rays of the same were shining to affect in Nepal also, cement was introduces in India and in Nepal also it was used by former kings and Rana’s. At that time there were no any industries to produce cement but people used to get cement as a special soil from big rocks in the mountain and used to collect it for daily use. Professional use of cement as binding material came into effect in Nepal from the beginning of early 1950s. As no indigenous cement manufacturing industry existed, early users of cement were dependent on imports from India to meet their needs. Gradually, around 1965, the supply of cement was diversified in the form of foreign aid program. The cement was started to import in commercial scale only in the early 1970s from China, South Korea, North Korea, Burma, Indonesia, Thailand, Japan, Hong Kong and many other countries. In 1975, the first cement plant, Himal Cement Company Limited, came into being to provide Nepals first state – owned cement manufacturing facility. Its production capacity initially was 160 ton per day and subsequently a new Chinese plant with the production capacity of 200 ton per day was added making total capacity of 360 ton per day. Then two additional plants, one at Hetauda, Hetauda Cement Industries Limited with the production capacity of 750 ton per day and other at Udayapur, Udayapur Cement Industries Limited, with the production capacity of 800 ton per day were added to the state cement manufacturing capability. Himal Cement Company was dissolved in 2002 due to environmental cause. At present, in addition to two public sector cement industries and three private mini integrated cement industries, company registration book of the Department of Industries shows 27 mini, medium and large scale integrated cement industries and 17 mini and medium scale clinker based industries are registered. Among 27 mini, medium and large scale integrated cement industries in private sector, 12 industries are producing cement. Similarly, out of 17 mini and medium scale clinker based industries, 11 industries are producing cement. The actual production data of existing cement industries both integrated and clinker based as shown in economic survey report 2006/07 are 613,643 tons in 2005/06 and 644,325 (production data for 8 months only) are low. Production is estimated as per capacity utilization shown the demand of cement in the country is being met through domestic production as well as from imports. The domestic production is predominantly forming the public sector till 2001. After 2001 the private sector is dominantly gaining ground in the share of domestic production of cement and market. The estimated capacity utilization both for public and private sector industries are shown in table 4. Considering the capacity utilization in the past, the capacity utilization as estimated seems ambiguous. The industries will utilize their capacity to 60% maximum. The capacity utilized is limited due to non – availability of adequate raw materials in time, operational insufficiency, defects in management, over manning, power load shedding etc. Key Players in the Industry In context of Nepal the key players in the cement market can be analyzed in the following way. ) Producer: The producers in the market of cement industry are many private and government agencies like Udayapur cement in government side and in private, the producers are Jagadamba cement, HP cement and so on. They initially identifies the opportunities in the market and further they find the probable client and accordingly they match their opportunities and client’s need and match them, creating the feel to their products. b) Consumer: The clients of the Hetauda Cement Industry ltd are individuals, households, INGOs, NGOs, government contractors, private organizations and so on. They always get backed by their need and always make the choice to make the best utilization of their resources. c) Competitors: Udayapur Cement Industry Ltd and Jagadamba Cement are the prime and other private cement factories are the most competitors of the Hetauda cement Industry. A competitor always seeks to find the weakness of its rivals and particularly attacks on very fact to get best over the market. All the players in the market need to perform as per their value base principle for the best functioning of the market. Both way supportive environments are essential. PEST Analysis PEST analysis is the deep study of any industry from the technical aspect of lunching, promoting and maturing of the product. It is the study of Political, Economical, Social and Technological issues. Before entering in to the market, it is very essential to have the best study of above components. It is basically because almost every decision in the market is affected by the factors of PEST. In cement factory of world and especially of Nepal PEST has the vital role. Nepal has come out through many political revolution and they are still incomplete. Constitution is in the process of drafting and there are many parties having armed material with them and demanding for their rights. Recent movement in politics of Nepal has made some system related changes but they are still unofficial. Economic environment is hanged with the political environment in Nepal and every industry especially the government agencies are facing the same challenges. Hetauda cement industries ltd. is also one of them. In PEST following happenings can be observed: a) Political: Political scenarios of the country best describe the company’s action and smooth operations. ) Political Philosophy: The country’s philosophy may be totalitarian, capitalism or mixed. Cement factory’s Policy, vision and objectives all are directed by the existing philosophy of the country which is mixed till now. ii) Political System: Political system can be democratic, republican, monarchy or federal. Whole industry may have according features as the orientation o f political system. The industry of China may be differing in principle with that of India. In Nepal it was democratic previously but after the revolution of 2005/06 it has moved towards the federal republic system. ii) Political Stability: A country with higher stable politics may have the lighter vision on the industry but the country like Nepal may not be having the clear vision of the future of the industry. In Country like Nepal where there is no stability of government persisting since a decade, Industries are dematerializing accordingly and same happening with cement industry as well. iv) Political trend: If the country is moving with the same political agenda, same development map and with the same strategies within the different political philosophy is the prime concern of any industry to operate. But Nepal is running with uncertainty of political agendas and growth road map. v) Political Party: How much is the scenario of consensus between the Political party in the country in prime factors to determine the developmental roadmap of a country and the industry within that country as well. In Nepal there are diversified nature and almost opposite nature in political party and still they are unable to follow any consensus within them. b) Economical: Economical Philosophy of the country, economical trends and values that drives an industry to make the operation is always of determining factors. Economic conditions are backed by economical environment. In Nepal Economic culture is immature since the constitution is drafting. Every company is waiting for its economic system that the government will follow in future and accordingly they are trying to make their decision in industry. i) Economic Scenario: In Nepal Mixed economic system was followed science 1950’s. But after the transformation of federal republic Nepal, it is following three pillar types economic where private, public and cooperative bodies are enforced. Cement factories are also changing their functioning accordingly. i) Investment capacities: As Nepal is having less investment opportunities in spite of its huge natural resources. Capital formation is not geared up and saving ratio apart from earning is also very low. Industrial investments are not promoting. iii) Foreign investment: Cement Industry needs huge investment and national investment alone may not be sufficient in promoting such factories. for eign investment are also not generating c) Social: Nepal has a mixed nature in culture. She has a cultural simplicity in complexity with diversified types in behavior and culture. Social structure of Nepal is very volatile. Industry has to perform the role of best producer and has to market its product in different form. Social construction of cement industry is following: i) Social norms: They are prevailing attitudes and principle over the market. In Nepal harmony in diversified norms is plasticized. ii) Life style: Nepal is economically poor country. Few populations are economically sound. Hence a company has to take this fact in consideration in its pricing policies. iii) Social class: Higher, Medium and lower class needs to be identified. Nepal is having medium in majority as a class classification. Pricing and marketing strategies can be varies accordingly. d) Technological: Technology is simply the use of technique to solve the problem. World has changed in digitalized technologies and Nepalese industry particularly cement industry needs to adopt the pace of such changing technology. Hetauda cement factory is using Japanese technology since its establishment. But other industries are lacking latest technology. i) Pace of technology: It is very essential to adjust the changing pace of technology. Nepalese cement factories are lacking the use of modern technologies. Other foreign competitors are using modest form of technology that result in competitive environment. ii) Research and innovation: Innovation is the ongoing process. Any industries without innovation last sooner or later no matter how better he is playing over the market. Cement industries in Nepal lack innovation in their production process. Applying the same trend in the product may be harmful since other industries are founding of innovation. iii) Type of technology used: Poor management in selection of technology is hampering the production in Nepalese cement industry. In this era of globalization one has to pass through strong technologies. German, Japanese, American and Chinese technologies are getting importance. PEST Analysis is the backbone of any industry reflecting all the strength and weakness surrounded by all opportunities and threat. Worldwide scenario of cement industry optimistic since there will be more and more infrastructure to be developed. In the country like Nepal where local demands are not addressed, there can be huge potential and opportunities because of its availability of 95% raw material locally. CHAPTER TWO COMPANY PROFILE Background Nepal is landlocked country. It has a wide range of natural resources. There are all geographical regions that are normally found in the world. There is the high possibility of hydro based industry since there are a lot of water resources and there is similar possibility of producing the rock based industries science there are a lot of mountains and hilly regions. A nation having such natural resources can have the better opportunities to get best in infrastructural development. Since Nepal has many types of Rocks, she has the possibility of accelerating the cement factories. Although there are many factory operating in Nepal working in producing cement, neither of the industry is running in its optimal strength. There are mainly three government cement factory: Himal, Hetauda and Udayapur cement industries. Himal Cement Industries is not in operation since last decade. Udayapur and Hetauda cement industries are running but they are not able to operate in their 50% of their capacities. Hetauda Cement Industries Ltd. was established in 1976 according to the company act 1964. It is located in Hetauda-9, Lamsure, Makawanpur, Nepal. This company has the contact office at Anamnagar, Kathmandu, Nepal. It was started with the sole objectives of distributing cement to the general public in affordable price with the best quality. Hetauda Cement Industries is the government owned enterprises. It was the concept of then King Birendra to establish Hetauda as the industrial area. And the act was enacted accordingly. Realizing the need of infrastructural development in the country Hetauda cement industry was established. Hetauda Cement Industry Ltd. Was established from the financial support from Asian Development Bank (ADB). ADB provided the loan to the government of Nepal at the rate of 1% and the government provided loan to Industry at 9%. The industry has the collaborative share of other government bodies like ministry of industry of Nepal, Hetauda cement factory has the annual capacity of 260000 metric ton (MT) and a daily capacity or 750 MT in an average. It has the import about 90% of its raw material from Nepal itself and remaining from India. This factory is using Japanese technology that was given by Garman government. Hetauda cement industry has been in operation formally from 1986. It was operating in its highest capacity of about 59% in 1992. In 1998–2000 it was operating in 48% of its capacity. Since then it is operating in an average of 44% of its capacity. In the same locality this factory does not have any competitors. Since this one is the undertaking of government, client and general public have strong interest on its brand. Historical Issues Hetauda Cement Industry Ltd has been from a long history of struggle. It has faced the issue primarily concerned with following aspects. a) Political instability: Although this company was established in 1976, it has started its operation from 1986 only. During the period it was concerning with political issue that were reflected through the political movement of then. It could not start its operation since it has the provision to appoint the BOD by the consensus of political party. Its top level structure is appointed not by any election but by parties of Nepal. b) Human Resource: It was further dealing with human resource issue of overstaffing. Due to which it has high operating cost. The main reason behind this overstaffing is political appointment. c) Labor Union: Many labor unions are pressuring the executive committee in their own interest rather than the interest of labor. Strikes, lockouts are being the culture of the industry. d) Technology: It was operating with the technology of 20th century. Modern technology is not adopted by the company. e) Maintenance: Old Machineries are running without proper maintenance. Enough concentration if would be given then it could generate the better outcome as well. Capital Structure: Hetauda Cement Industries ltd. was established from the loan of ADB and fund from the government of Nepal. It has the following capital structure to the date: Authorized capital: Rs. 3,00,00,00,000 Issued capital: Rs. 1,00,00,00,000 Paid up capital: Rs. 90, 06, 85,000 Vision Hetauda cement in every wall of the nation is the vision of Hetauda cement industry Ltd. Since it is the government undertaking it has vision to become the best model government agency of the country making it free from every destructive angle. Mission Mission of Hetauda cement Industry Ltd. is to lead the cement industry by putting the difference in the mind of consumer throughout the nation. Objectives It has the following objectives to get mission and vision closer to its practice. * Maintaining the quality of cement and cost control mechanism. * Accelerating the delivery mechanism throughout the nation. * Focusing the service aspect. * Managing the labor union and get company out from political influences. Goals The company has short term, midterm and long term goal as follows. Short term goal: Hetauda cement Industry Ltd. has short sight on: * Managing overstaffing in each department. * Sanitation and safety measures for workers. * Increasing the annual turnover. * Better utilization of raw material. * Wastage management. * Building corporate relations. Midterm goal: They are * Optimization of plant capacity. * Maintenance of plants used in Industry. * Increasing the distribution channels. * Training and development to the staff and management. * Management of labor unions. * Increasing the consumer scope. Lessen the cumulative loss. Long term goal: They are * Capital enhancement. * Replacement of plants and machinery. * Making investment on innovations. * Realizing corporate social responsibility. * Changing policy regarding political appointment in the top level management. * Quality assurance to consumer. SWOT Analysis The Analysis of Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and threat is the crucial task for an organization. Every organization is surrounded by internal and external environment. Strength and weakness is come from internal environment. Similarly opportunity and threat is come from external environment.