Mangroves and Their Importance Free Essays

Intro to Environmental Issues Mangroves And Their Disappearance 3/11/2013 Bsc Sem-II Submitted By: Ammal Afroze Submitted to: Mrs Almas Hamid Table Of Contents What are Mangroves? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 Importance And Role Of Mangroves Ecosystem †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. We will write a custom essay sample on Mangroves and Their Importance or any similar topic only for you Order Now . 2,3 Disappearance Of Mangroves †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Causes Of Disappearance Of Mangroves †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3,4 Effects Of Disappearance Of Mangroves †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 Present Condition Of Mangroves In Pakistan †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4,5 References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. What is Mangrove? The term ‘mangrove’, is used to refer to the highly adapted plants found in tropical forest communities or the ecosystem itself. The term ‘mangrove’ may have been derived from a combination of the Malay word ‘manggi-manggi’, for a type of mangrove tree (Avicennia) and the Arabic ‘el gurm’, for the same, as ‘mang-gurm’. Mangrove is a tree or shrub that grows in muddy, chiefly tropical coastal swamps. Generally exceeding one half metre in height. Mangrove plants vary genetically and those found on land are not of same types. They are of different types. An increase in mangroves has been suggested for climate change mitigation. Big groups of mangroves and other plants are called mangrove swamps, mangrove forests, and sometimes simply manga. The mangrove community is the biotic part of our ecosystem. Importance And Role Of Mangrove Ecosystems: Mangroves are not only important but crucial for the coastal areas. The most important role of mangroves is that they protect vulnerable coastlines from waves because they hold the soil together and prevent coastal erosion. Mangroves shield inland areas during storms and minimize damage. Example: For example, learning from the 2005 tsunami in Asia, there were no deaths in the areas which had mangrove forests, compared to those areas without, which suffered massive causalities. Mangrove forests provide homes for several species of plants and animals. Migratory shorebirds and waders seek the mudflats for food. Birds establish large roosting and nesting sites in mangroves. Several species of fish, monkeys, and turtles find refuge there. The beaches along more mature undisturbed mangroves also serve as nesting sites for endangered sea turtles. Mangroves are fish nurseries as they serve as a source of food for fish and crabs that live in rivers and the shallow areas of the sea/ocean. And they provide a safe haven for juvenile fish, and crab located on coastline. Mangroves therefore contribute significantly in fishing industry and provide us with our fish resource. ACT AS A FILTERING SYSTEM They act as filtering systems for the run-off and ground waters, clarify adjacent open water, which facilitates photosynthesis in marine plants. Mangroves also help to control other forms of pollution, including excess amounts of nitrogen and phosphorous, petroleum products, and halogenated compounds. Mangroves stop these contaminants from polluting the ocean waters through a process called rhizofiltration. TRAP DEBRIS AND SILT Mangroves trap debris and silt contributing to soil formation and stabilizing the coastline. SERVE AS HABITAT Their roots provide shelter for many marine and terrestrial animals, protecting them from ocean currents and strong winds. Many threatened or endangered species reside inside. PRODUCE NUTRIENTS Mangroves shed a large amount of leaf litter, being dropped and then broken down by bacteria and fungi which is made available to the food chain of aquatic animals. Therefore mangroves contribute to productivity in off shore water. SERVE AS NURSERY AND REFUGE For many juvenile fish and invertebrates such as spiny lobster, gray snapper, jacks and barracuda. Mangroves are the nesting grounds for many water birds. Disappearance Of Mangroves: Mangrove forests are one of the world’s most threatened tropical ecosystems. More than 35% of the world’s mangroves are already gone. The figure is as high as 50% in countries such as India, the Philippines, and Vietnam, while in the Americas they are being cleared at a rate faster than tropical rainforests. 12 species of mangroves found in India are considered to be ‘Critically Endangered’ and a total of 57 mangrove and mangrove-associated species are considered threatened. The main reasons for the destruction in the area are mainly due to population pressure in and around the mangrove belts. Causes Of Disappearance Of Mangroves: * Mangroves are extremely sensitive to current rising sea levels caused by global warming and climate, Cyclones, typhoons and strong wave action. Insect such as Wood borers, Caterpillars, beetles eat the mangrove foliage and damage the wood. * Weeds often occupy deforested mangrove areas and restrict the re-growth of mangrove tree species. * Barnacles are a type of arthropod which when attached to young seedlings, interferes with respiration and photosynthesis and delays seed ling growth. Oysters, Crabs, Gastropods also damage the plant parts. * Mangrove trees are used for firewood, construction wood, pulp production, charcoal production, and animal fodder. While harvesting has taken place for centuries, in some parts of the world it is no longer sustainable, threatening the future of the forests. * Dams and irrigation reduces the amount of water reaching mangrove forests changing the salinity level of water in the forest. When salinity becomes too high the mangroves cannot survive. Freshwater diversions can also lead to mangroves drying out. * Pollution is the major problem in world. Toxic man-made chemicals carried by river systems from sources upstream can kill animals living in mangrove forests, while oil pollution can smother mangrove roots and suffocate the trees. Effects Of Mangroves Disappearance: Mangroves are saline coastal forests include heavy biomasses of trees and shrubs. Such forests are essential in protecting the coastal regions they surround from erosion, but they have also been shown to help mitigate the effects of tropical storms by buffering coastal communities against hurricane-like winds and tidal surges. * Widespread destruction of mangroves (Bahamas, Australia) has resulted in the loss of some of the world’s most diverse ecosystems. As a side effect his has greatly increased shoreline hazards and beach erosion rates. The greatest benefit of mangroves is their ability to reduce storm surge. This benefit is long-term and requires no maintenance. The 1999 super typhoon, Orissa, killed over 10,000 people in India drowning many with its powerful storm surge * The widespread destruction of Burma’s mangroves has magnified another human disaster in the wake of cyclone Nargis, a tragedy that might have claimed more than 100,000 lives, according to a news services’ estimates. Present Condition Of Mangroves In Pakistan Over 600,000 hectares of Pakistan’s coastline is under mangrove forestation. The coastal communities as well as the fisheries of the coast depend upon this ecosystem their existence is associated with its well-being. Mangroves historically have been considered to be wastelands. The vital flow of the Indus River into the Indus Delta, which constitutes one of the most extensive mangrove areas along the Pakistani coast, is heavily polluted by a variety of ndustrial effluents, sewage, solid waste and nutrient-enriched irrigation water. THE Indus delta mangroves are under the control of the Sindh forest department (280,470 ha), Port Qasim Authority (64,400 ha) and Sindh Board of Revenue (255,130 ha). The area under control of the forest department and Port Qasim is declared as `protected forest` and the area under the control of the Board of Revenue is classified as `government wasteland`. The Indus delta provides subsistence to approximat ely 200,000 people throughout the year. A recent study by WWF – Pakistan (2006) has estimated the existing cover of the Indus delta mangroves around 73,000 ha. Historically, there used to exist eight species of mangroves which have declined to four species at present. References: * www. mangrove. org * http://www. mangrovewatch. org. au * http://ocw. unu. edu * http://www. conservancy. org. hk * http://floridakeys. noaa. gov * http://whataremangroves. com/ * http://www. wwfpak. org/forest_mangrove. php * http://www. cssforum. com. pk/css-optional-subjects * www. pandas. org How to cite Mangroves and Their Importance, Essay examples

Jail Industry in Nepal free essay sample

The cement industry is operating with many difficulties in the market like labor union issues, strikes and lockouts. The major strengths of the company are market coverage, quality, market credit, government supports etc. The major weaknesses are union stress in the organization, capital, over staffing, cumulative loss, old technologies and so on. Besides this the company has good opportunities from the market in regard of raw material, government support, availability of clinker, investment opportunity to third party, and the failure of key competitors like Himal cement factory and other private organizations. The major threats of the organization are external labor unions, government appointment process of top level management, foreign interest on the cement industry of Nepal as a whole etc. The company has short term objectives of better utilization of raw material, wastages management, managing overstaffing, increasing the annual turnover. It has medium term objectives of optimization of plant capacity, maintenance of plants, management of labor unions, and lessen the cumulative loss. The long term objectives are capital enhancement, replacement of plants, realizing corporate social responsibility, quality assurance to consumer. The structure of the organization is top to bottom and is supported by vertical chain of command. It has no organizations functions like marketing and human resource. The structure is not appropriate in the context of modern management where its competitors are getting closer to the latest technology. The company has not updated in plant and is operating by using of old plants. It has no customer relation management. There is neither front desk nor any other unit to deal with customer in the industry. Organization behavior is less understood by the management. Further this, the company has facing a lot of challenges in regard of human resources. The company is running with over staffing problem and it has no recruiting task since last decade because of over staffing. The company has many beneficial schemes to the employee working in the organization for self retirement and normal retirement. The company is providing the life insurance to the employee and a lump sum package to the employee. Whatever the company is facing the challenges the company has abundance opportunity to succeed over the market if it gives the enough opportunity for the advancement of the company brand image. It is getting a good response from the market in terms of turnover without having any marketing policies. The company needs to be operated in its maximum capacity for which plant replacement and capital enhancement has to be done. Labor unions should be managed properly and employees and line mangers should be provided with training and development opportunity. The company should be able to generate positive work environment and it should foster the corporate social responsibility over the nation. Parallel concern should be given in the management of wastage so that the company would not be noticed by the environmental issues besides its quality slogan. CHAPTER ONE INDUSTRY PROFILE Human civilization is not the result but it is the step by step process. From the agricultural age to the age of modern digital era, many transformational activities were made for civilization, which have been from many theories, practices and revolution. The motive and stimuli for this is human’s need. Obviously many decades past, but human needs are getting more and more complex. People always move from hierarchy of need from physical to spiritual. Mental revolution and conflict of people always gives a sound solution for every problem to them. For the mental and spiritual need he runs through virtual production and for the fulfillment of physical need a person runs through physical production. According to Albert Einstein, â€Å"Nothing can be destroyed in the world except to make the change in the form of any production. † Hence we all are surrounded by production process everywhere. When a people takes birth he needs energy from food, which is the result of production process, further needs shelter and clothing again is the result of production process. Talking about the shelter, home like infrastructure is of great meaning. Previously, soil and stone were in use for such infrastructure but now it is the cement that is used for every structure like bridge, hospital, school, building road and so on. As the need of infrastructure is growing so the need of cement is growing and hence the cement factories are also growing. In today’s world skyscrapers can be seen in every society. Supply of land is strictly limited but population is increasing continuously. To meet this need many infrastructure is needed. Global Scenario Cement is nothing special but it is a kind of stone that got 1400 degree Celsius heat and that changed with some feature like sticky and durability getting the use of building many kinds of physical infrastructures like bridge, school, house, road, highway, hospitals and so on. Cement is natural element provided to human for its developmental needs. Cement has the quality of durability that joints the bricks to form the structure. Talking about the history of cement, it was found a long ago with the human civilization but with the limited use. At that time people used to use it only as a stone a soil to color the homes. But today it has a wider use. There are a lot of factories producing cement in the world to address the need of growing demand. Many developed countries are using it to make their infrastructure strong. China used it then to build the Great wall. India has the history of using cement science its origination. America, having its strength in every aspect is using cement science 13th century. Cement factories are growing in the world. Brazil has enough natural resources and is not only addressing her demand but also exporting to European Zone and Asian market. All the infrastructure of the world is found built by using cement and it is very easy to make the guess of history of cement. China alone is producing 49% of global demand of cement. It is one of the biggest giant to consume cement as well. The following picture will bespeak itself for the globalized scenario of the production of cement. Nepalese Scenario In Nepal, History of cement can be observed from early civilization. All the infrastructure of Kathmandu, Rana’s palace and king’s palace that were built in 13th century were built by using cement. In daily life, use of cement comes into practice without having a long history. It was then when India was ruled by British and rays of the same were shining to affect in Nepal also, cement was introduces in India and in Nepal also it was used by former kings and Rana’s. At that time there were no any industries to produce cement but people used to get cement as a special soil from big rocks in the mountain and used to collect it for daily use. Professional use of cement as binding material came into effect in Nepal from the beginning of early 1950s. As no indigenous cement manufacturing industry existed, early users of cement were dependent on imports from India to meet their needs. Gradually, around 1965, the supply of cement was diversified in the form of foreign aid program. The cement was started to import in commercial scale only in the early 1970s from China, South Korea, North Korea, Burma, Indonesia, Thailand, Japan, Hong Kong and many other countries. In 1975, the first cement plant, Himal Cement Company Limited, came into being to provide Nepals first state – owned cement manufacturing facility. Its production capacity initially was 160 ton per day and subsequently a new Chinese plant with the production capacity of 200 ton per day was added making total capacity of 360 ton per day. Then two additional plants, one at Hetauda, Hetauda Cement Industries Limited with the production capacity of 750 ton per day and other at Udayapur, Udayapur Cement Industries Limited, with the production capacity of 800 ton per day were added to the state cement manufacturing capability. Himal Cement Company was dissolved in 2002 due to environmental cause. At present, in addition to two public sector cement industries and three private mini integrated cement industries, company registration book of the Department of Industries shows 27 mini, medium and large scale integrated cement industries and 17 mini and medium scale clinker based industries are registered. Among 27 mini, medium and large scale integrated cement industries in private sector, 12 industries are producing cement. Similarly, out of 17 mini and medium scale clinker based industries, 11 industries are producing cement. The actual production data of existing cement industries both integrated and clinker based as shown in economic survey report 2006/07 are 613,643 tons in 2005/06 and 644,325 (production data for 8 months only) are low. Production is estimated as per capacity utilization shown the demand of cement in the country is being met through domestic production as well as from imports. The domestic production is predominantly forming the public sector till 2001. After 2001 the private sector is dominantly gaining ground in the share of domestic production of cement and market. The estimated capacity utilization both for public and private sector industries are shown in table 4. Considering the capacity utilization in the past, the capacity utilization as estimated seems ambiguous. The industries will utilize their capacity to 60% maximum. The capacity utilized is limited due to non – availability of adequate raw materials in time, operational insufficiency, defects in management, over manning, power load shedding etc. Key Players in the Industry In context of Nepal the key players in the cement market can be analyzed in the following way. ) Producer: The producers in the market of cement industry are many private and government agencies like Udayapur cement in government side and in private, the producers are Jagadamba cement, HP cement and so on. They initially identifies the opportunities in the market and further they find the probable client and accordingly they match their opportunities and client’s need and match them, creating the feel to their products. b) Consumer: The clients of the Hetauda Cement Industry ltd are individuals, households, INGOs, NGOs, government contractors, private organizations and so on. They always get backed by their need and always make the choice to make the best utilization of their resources. c) Competitors: Udayapur Cement Industry Ltd and Jagadamba Cement are the prime and other private cement factories are the most competitors of the Hetauda cement Industry. A competitor always seeks to find the weakness of its rivals and particularly attacks on very fact to get best over the market. All the players in the market need to perform as per their value base principle for the best functioning of the market. Both way supportive environments are essential. PEST Analysis PEST analysis is the deep study of any industry from the technical aspect of lunching, promoting and maturing of the product. It is the study of Political, Economical, Social and Technological issues. Before entering in to the market, it is very essential to have the best study of above components. It is basically because almost every decision in the market is affected by the factors of PEST. In cement factory of world and especially of Nepal PEST has the vital role. Nepal has come out through many political revolution and they are still incomplete. Constitution is in the process of drafting and there are many parties having armed material with them and demanding for their rights. Recent movement in politics of Nepal has made some system related changes but they are still unofficial. Economic environment is hanged with the political environment in Nepal and every industry especially the government agencies are facing the same challenges. Hetauda cement industries ltd. is also one of them. In PEST following happenings can be observed: a) Political: Political scenarios of the country best describe the company’s action and smooth operations. ) Political Philosophy: The country’s philosophy may be totalitarian, capitalism or mixed. Cement factory’s Policy, vision and objectives all are directed by the existing philosophy of the country which is mixed till now. ii) Political System: Political system can be democratic, republican, monarchy or federal. Whole industry may have according features as the orientation o f political system. The industry of China may be differing in principle with that of India. In Nepal it was democratic previously but after the revolution of 2005/06 it has moved towards the federal republic system. ii) Political Stability: A country with higher stable politics may have the lighter vision on the industry but the country like Nepal may not be having the clear vision of the future of the industry. In Country like Nepal where there is no stability of government persisting since a decade, Industries are dematerializing accordingly and same happening with cement industry as well. iv) Political trend: If the country is moving with the same political agenda, same development map and with the same strategies within the different political philosophy is the prime concern of any industry to operate. But Nepal is running with uncertainty of political agendas and growth road map. v) Political Party: How much is the scenario of consensus between the Political party in the country in prime factors to determine the developmental roadmap of a country and the industry within that country as well. In Nepal there are diversified nature and almost opposite nature in political party and still they are unable to follow any consensus within them. b) Economical: Economical Philosophy of the country, economical trends and values that drives an industry to make the operation is always of determining factors. Economic conditions are backed by economical environment. In Nepal Economic culture is immature since the constitution is drafting. Every company is waiting for its economic system that the government will follow in future and accordingly they are trying to make their decision in industry. i) Economic Scenario: In Nepal Mixed economic system was followed science 1950’s. But after the transformation of federal republic Nepal, it is following three pillar types economic where private, public and cooperative bodies are enforced. Cement factories are also changing their functioning accordingly. i) Investment capacities: As Nepal is having less investment opportunities in spite of its huge natural resources. Capital formation is not geared up and saving ratio apart from earning is also very low. Industrial investments are not promoting. iii) Foreign investment: Cement Industry needs huge investment and national investment alone may not be sufficient in promoting such factories. for eign investment are also not generating c) Social: Nepal has a mixed nature in culture. She has a cultural simplicity in complexity with diversified types in behavior and culture. Social structure of Nepal is very volatile. Industry has to perform the role of best producer and has to market its product in different form. Social construction of cement industry is following: i) Social norms: They are prevailing attitudes and principle over the market. In Nepal harmony in diversified norms is plasticized. ii) Life style: Nepal is economically poor country. Few populations are economically sound. Hence a company has to take this fact in consideration in its pricing policies. iii) Social class: Higher, Medium and lower class needs to be identified. Nepal is having medium in majority as a class classification. Pricing and marketing strategies can be varies accordingly. d) Technological: Technology is simply the use of technique to solve the problem. World has changed in digitalized technologies and Nepalese industry particularly cement industry needs to adopt the pace of such changing technology. Hetauda cement factory is using Japanese technology since its establishment. But other industries are lacking latest technology. i) Pace of technology: It is very essential to adjust the changing pace of technology. Nepalese cement factories are lacking the use of modern technologies. Other foreign competitors are using modest form of technology that result in competitive environment. ii) Research and innovation: Innovation is the ongoing process. Any industries without innovation last sooner or later no matter how better he is playing over the market. Cement industries in Nepal lack innovation in their production process. Applying the same trend in the product may be harmful since other industries are founding of innovation. iii) Type of technology used: Poor management in selection of technology is hampering the production in Nepalese cement industry. In this era of globalization one has to pass through strong technologies. German, Japanese, American and Chinese technologies are getting importance. PEST Analysis is the backbone of any industry reflecting all the strength and weakness surrounded by all opportunities and threat. Worldwide scenario of cement industry optimistic since there will be more and more infrastructure to be developed. In the country like Nepal where local demands are not addressed, there can be huge potential and opportunities because of its availability of 95% raw material locally. CHAPTER TWO COMPANY PROFILE Background Nepal is landlocked country. It has a wide range of natural resources. There are all geographical regions that are normally found in the world. There is the high possibility of hydro based industry since there are a lot of water resources and there is similar possibility of producing the rock based industries science there are a lot of mountains and hilly regions. A nation having such natural resources can have the better opportunities to get best in infrastructural development. Since Nepal has many types of Rocks, she has the possibility of accelerating the cement factories. Although there are many factory operating in Nepal working in producing cement, neither of the industry is running in its optimal strength. There are mainly three government cement factory: Himal, Hetauda and Udayapur cement industries. Himal Cement Industries is not in operation since last decade. Udayapur and Hetauda cement industries are running but they are not able to operate in their 50% of their capacities. Hetauda Cement Industries Ltd. was established in 1976 according to the company act 1964. It is located in Hetauda-9, Lamsure, Makawanpur, Nepal. This company has the contact office at Anamnagar, Kathmandu, Nepal. It was started with the sole objectives of distributing cement to the general public in affordable price with the best quality. Hetauda Cement Industries is the government owned enterprises. It was the concept of then King Birendra to establish Hetauda as the industrial area. And the act was enacted accordingly. Realizing the need of infrastructural development in the country Hetauda cement industry was established. Hetauda Cement Industry Ltd. Was established from the financial support from Asian Development Bank (ADB). ADB provided the loan to the government of Nepal at the rate of 1% and the government provided loan to Industry at 9%. The industry has the collaborative share of other government bodies like ministry of industry of Nepal, Hetauda cement factory has the annual capacity of 260000 metric ton (MT) and a daily capacity or 750 MT in an average. It has the import about 90% of its raw material from Nepal itself and remaining from India. This factory is using Japanese technology that was given by Garman government. Hetauda cement industry has been in operation formally from 1986. It was operating in its highest capacity of about 59% in 1992. In 1998–2000 it was operating in 48% of its capacity. Since then it is operating in an average of 44% of its capacity. In the same locality this factory does not have any competitors. Since this one is the undertaking of government, client and general public have strong interest on its brand. Historical Issues Hetauda Cement Industry Ltd has been from a long history of struggle. It has faced the issue primarily concerned with following aspects. a) Political instability: Although this company was established in 1976, it has started its operation from 1986 only. During the period it was concerning with political issue that were reflected through the political movement of then. It could not start its operation since it has the provision to appoint the BOD by the consensus of political party. Its top level structure is appointed not by any election but by parties of Nepal. b) Human Resource: It was further dealing with human resource issue of overstaffing. Due to which it has high operating cost. The main reason behind this overstaffing is political appointment. c) Labor Union: Many labor unions are pressuring the executive committee in their own interest rather than the interest of labor. Strikes, lockouts are being the culture of the industry. d) Technology: It was operating with the technology of 20th century. Modern technology is not adopted by the company. e) Maintenance: Old Machineries are running without proper maintenance. Enough concentration if would be given then it could generate the better outcome as well. Capital Structure: Hetauda Cement Industries ltd. was established from the loan of ADB and fund from the government of Nepal. It has the following capital structure to the date: Authorized capital: Rs. 3,00,00,00,000 Issued capital: Rs. 1,00,00,00,000 Paid up capital: Rs. 90, 06, 85,000 Vision Hetauda cement in every wall of the nation is the vision of Hetauda cement industry Ltd. Since it is the government undertaking it has vision to become the best model government agency of the country making it free from every destructive angle. Mission Mission of Hetauda cement Industry Ltd. is to lead the cement industry by putting the difference in the mind of consumer throughout the nation. Objectives It has the following objectives to get mission and vision closer to its practice. * Maintaining the quality of cement and cost control mechanism. * Accelerating the delivery mechanism throughout the nation. * Focusing the service aspect. * Managing the labor union and get company out from political influences. Goals The company has short term, midterm and long term goal as follows. Short term goal: Hetauda cement Industry Ltd. has short sight on: * Managing overstaffing in each department. * Sanitation and safety measures for workers. * Increasing the annual turnover. * Better utilization of raw material. * Wastage management. * Building corporate relations. Midterm goal: They are * Optimization of plant capacity. * Maintenance of plants used in Industry. * Increasing the distribution channels. * Training and development to the staff and management. * Management of labor unions. * Increasing the consumer scope. Lessen the cumulative loss. Long term goal: They are * Capital enhancement. * Replacement of plants and machinery. * Making investment on innovations. * Realizing corporate social responsibility. * Changing policy regarding political appointment in the top level management. * Quality assurance to consumer. SWOT Analysis The Analysis of Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and threat is the crucial task for an organization. Every organization is surrounded by internal and external environment. Strength and weakness is come from internal environment. Similarly opportunity and threat is come from external environment.

Marketing for Managers University of Queensland

Question: Discuss about the Marketing for Managers University of Queensland. Answer: Background UQ was established in the year 1909 and since then they have strived to provide quality education to the students. University of Queensland (UQ) is the Oldest University of Queensland. It is perceived to be one of the premier educational University in Australia. They have always focused towards the development and building of the career of the folks taking admission into the University. UQ is one of the founding members of the Go8 (Group of 8), a partnership of 8 recognized universities to undergo deep research activities for the betterment of the educational quality. UQ offers variety of programs ranging from Science, Arts to Agriculture etc. UQ does not have much competition in the current scenario. However, there are many other Universities like University of Melbourne, Sydney University which tend to pose the competition in major cities like Sydney, Melbourne etc. In order to increase its popularity internationally as well as nationally and to improve the strength, the UQ have always tried to streamline their strategies, Management agendas have always been focused more, core competencies have been revisited and many more steps have been taken (Arambewela, 2013). In the following sections, we will analyze the same by conduction marketing and competitor environment analysis to find out the current scenario in and around UQ. Market Summary and Demand Assessment In the rankings provided by the Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for all the world Universities, the Unversity of Queesnland (UQ) has been ranked in the top 50. It is a major achievement of the University. The UQ is also ranked in the Top 50s as per the rankings announced by renowned ranking providers like QS World University Rankings, Times Higher Education World University Rankings etc. The University has received lot of appraise for its global research positioning along with the election of several new Fellows in the year 2016. The University have esteemed staffs and fellows who have been elected in several honourary fields one of which is getting the election as the Fellows of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia (ASSA). More than 150 staffs of UN and the professors are the members of major Australian Learned Academics some of which are notably ATSE, ASSA, AAS etc. The Demand to get into this University is very high and students dream to be a part of the Univer sity. The University is growing at an exponential pace and has set one of best vision and missions as part of their process to achieve the goals. Segmentation and Target Market The Segmentation of the Market in case of Education Universities can be done based on the demographic, geographic, psychographic and behavioral types of segmentation. The UQ have carefully analyzed all the segmentation strategies before growing to the mammoth university it is now. They have carried out full-fledged in depth analysis of the markets to be targeted and the way it should be targeted (Fry, 2014). The Demographic segmentation analysis have showed that the UQ should focus more on the student age group starting from lower education till Masters. They should group the various education groups and then focus on marketing the various courses available for those groups intensely. This will help the UQ to gain even more market share in terms of students taking admission in the university. The Segmentation based on behavior, psychographic and geographic are equally important and helps in understanding the areas in which the marketing needs to be done and the ways in which people c an be convinced regarding the new courses being offered by the University. After the segmentation is done, the target market will be selected from the list of potential markets where the presence of the University can be broadened (Hollensen, 2015). Current Marketing Mix Analysis The Marketing Mix comprises of Product, Place, Price and Promotion. The UQ offers various courses as detailed in above sections. The University has been offering its courses in various areas within Australia at various price points. There are various ways in which the University is marketing the products i.e., courses which are being offered by them. The current Marketing Mix of the University is robust. PEST Analysis The PEST analysis includes Political, Economic, Social and Technological Analysis. The political analysis of UQ shows that the university has been facing issues sometimes in the way they conduct some educational drives. However, mostly it is being encouraged by everyone. The Economic front tells us that the UQ has been generating good revenues since its inception and has been helping in the development of the country (Pappu, 2017). From social perspective, the UQ is very much active and the network of UQ is expanded to all the other Universities in the country as well as with International Universities. The UQ has always focused on the use of latest technology so that the students and the staff can perform their task productively in lesser time. Competitor Analysis The University did not faced any competition in its initial stages when it was established in 1909. However, in the current day situation, there are lot of other universities which provide competition to UQ. Some established universities like Sydney University, University of Melbourne etc. have also many institutes under University in various places in Australia. They tend to give tough competition to the UQ. The competitors however are unable to give tough competition since the university is very old and has positioned itself in a good manner (Mithas, 2013). The University has always focused towards its core competency. The organization which focuses on its core competency always achieves success. SWOT Analysis The Strength of the University is the way it handles the issues that it faces during the implementation of the policies for the betterment of the students. The University tries to bring in new courses so that the students are benefitted with it. It also tries to remain updated with latest technologies. The Weakness of the University are its students and staff. It always take decision in favour of the student and staff. It is good that it gives priority to its people however, in certain situations it has achieved bad name because of the students but it did not bothered about it (Pappu, 2016). There are many more courses which are emerging and can present opportunities to the University to increase the number of students. The University will always try to utilize this opportunity so as to increase the number of students who have taken admissions in their institutes. The upcoming new Universities as well as the well-established Universities like Sydney University, Melbourne University etc. poses a threat for UQ. They need to take proper steps so that they can cope up with the emerging threats and can steer their way towards success. Value and Brand Positioning The UQ have already positioned itself as one of the premier University in Australia. Since its a very old University, people know about its popularity and try to get their kids into the Institutes under UQ. The UQ has become a Brand because of the values it provides to the people and students who study in the University. The University had undergone the Value Chain analysis some years back and on the back of that it had done certain changes (West, 2015). These changes will always help the University and its brand name. The Positioning of the University is done as one of the premier University in Australia. They have always focused towards the development and building of the career of the folks taking admission into the University. UQ is one of the founding members of the Go8 (Group of 8), a partnership of 8 recognized universities to undergo deep research activities for the betterment of the educational quality (Wilden, 2013). Thus, we can see that the Brand Positioning is set for UQ . Conclusion In the above sections, we have seen about various analysis done to find out the current position of the University in terms of marketing strategies. The report focused on the Background of the CQ University, its Market Summary, Marketing Mix, Segmentation and Targeting, Competitor Analysis, Brand Positioning etc. in detail (Wu, 2014). All these analysis helped in the understanding of current position of the University and the steps it might have to take to improve further. References Arambewela, R., Hall, J. (2013). The interactional effects of the internal and external university environment, and the influence of personal values, on satisfaction among international postgraduate students. Studies in higher education, 38(7), 972-988. Baker, M. J. (2014). Marketing strategy and management. Palgrave Macmillan. Fry, M. L., Drennan, J., Previte, J., White, A., Tjondronegoro, D. (2014). The role of desire in understanding intentions to drink responsibly: an application of the Model of Goal-Directed Behaviour. Journal of Marketing Management, 30(5-6), 551-570. Hollensen, S. (2015). Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Mithas, S., Tafti, A., Mitchell, W. (2013). How a Firm's Competitive Environment and Digital Strategic Posture Influence Digital Business Strategy. Mis Quarterly, 37(2), 511-536. Pappu, R., Quester, P. (2017). A commentary on conceptualising and measuring Consumer-Based BrandRetailerChannel Equity. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services. Pappu, R., Quester, P. (2016). Brand Innovativeness Effects on Perceived Quality, Satisfaction and Loyalty. In Looking Forward, Looking Back: Drawing on the Past to Shape the Future of Marketing (pp. 763-763). Springer International Publishing. Russell-Bennett, R., Wood, M., Previte, J. (2016). A services approach to social marketing. In Looking Forward, Looking Back: Drawing on the Past to Shape the Future of Marketing (pp. 330-330). Springer International Publishing. West, D., Ford, J., Ibrahim, E. (2015). Strategic marketing: creating competitive advantage. Oxford University Press. Wilden, R., Gudergan, S. P., Nielsen, B. B., Lings, I. (2013). Dynamic capabilities and performance: strategy, structure and environment. Long Range Planning, 46(1), 72-96. Wu, J. (2014). Cooperation with competitors and product innovation: Moderating effects of technological capability and alliances with universities. Industrial Marketing Management, 43(2), 199-209. Zenker, S., Eggers, F., Farsky, M. (2013). Putting a price tag on cities: Insights into the competitive environment of places. Cities, 30, 133-139.

The Stanford Experience Essay Example

The Stanford Experience Essay Criminal justice is a system at which authorities use to   maintain social order, control crimes and punish those who violate laws. The prison guards and the prison itself play an intertwined role in creating punishment to those who have committed a behavior that is not morally accepted. And often, experiences insider a jail will create severe effects to those who have been imprisoned, and may also bring about changes in the behavior of the jail guard himself.The changes in the behavior and compliance of the jail guards and the prisoners and how the feeling of containment in a prison cell has drastically developed is discovered in the Stanford Prison Experiment wherein 18 college boys were taken to play the roles of nine guards and   nine prisoners. The changes happened fast that the experiment had to be cut at the sixth day rather than the original two-week experiment.In doing such a delicate experiment that involves the feelings of the subjects, it must be provided that the peo ple behind the experiment employs the scientific principles on experiment.On empiricism, the experiment has succeeded in terms of making the prisoners and the guards feel that they are indeed prisoners in real life. the situation created for both objects were too realistic that in such a short time, the prisoners and the guards developed the sense of being a real prison and a real guard who ought to do their jobs in maintaining order in the jail. They have also consumed the role play and later on developed the real anguish that real prisoners feel, and the jail guards on their part have felt their power incontrollable that they tend to abuse the authority they hold just like real prison guards do. On objectivity, the first part of selection was purely objective as the subjects were chosen to play the role of either a prisoner or a guard randomly through a toss coin. However, as the experiment progressed, the participants suffered the feeling of subjectivity towards their roles. This subjectivity being an offset of empathy towards the role they play.They have so consumed that they have absorbed the real persona of the role they play. Prisoners felt that they are really prisoners and the guards responded the way that a real jail guard would have responded during the activity. On skepticism, though the researchers were aware of the situation, they themselves were really surprised of the outcome of the project. A proof of this was the original two-week plan being cut short to barely a week because of the heightened emotions that surged through out the experiment. On ethical neutrality, as the subjects were chosen randomly, they were able to let them play the role without biases towards the role. As for the researchers side, during the whole experiment, they were feeling as if they were jail superintendents and officer rather than being a doctor studying the psychological effects of imprisonment.Thus I believe that the experiment has passed the standards for ethica l neutrality. On parsimony, I believe that the experiment has used the most resources they could at the least amount. They have used minimal resources that only served as improvised for the real situation they wanted to role-play but resulted a highly accurate turn outs with minimal complex relations. On determinism, every action done by either side was responded by another act from the other side. Meaning, the subjects developed a system of mechanisms intended to correspond to a situation that aroused within the experiment. On publication, as can be viewed in the website, it served as a reflective account of how the experiment turned out. The proper documentation of the experiment made it possible for people to view and assess the development and success or failure of the experiment. (Fitzgerald, pp 36-42)Given these aspects, I think that the experiment has complied well in the scientific principles of research. They were able to successfully extract real facts and real life anguis h of prisoners and jail guards. They were able to fully portray the situation of real life prison experiences in the least controlled way possible to them that adds to the credibility of the experiment. A proof of this is the way that outsiders (for the purpose of the experiment) reacted upon seeing the situation of the subjects inside the jail. They too, developed the feeling that indeed, their sons have become real prisoners.Moreover, on the basis of research methodology and ethical standards, every experiment must maintain ethical standards. The researcher must avoid giving moral judgments that may result to being bias.On anonymity and confidentiality, the experiment have used numbers instead of names for two purposes: one is to strip the prisoners their identity and start to succumb to the emotions of being a real prisoner, and the other is to keep their identity out from the public, that only the researchers know the real identity of their subjects. On risk and voluntary inform ed consent, the subjects of the trial went through a procedure of â€Å"audition† for the â€Å"role†. The researchers posted an ad to attract possible subjects for the experiment. And when these college people came, they went though a series of testing to ensure that they know what they were doing and they were prepared for the hazards that being a subject of the experiment entailed. On deception in research, I think that the experiment did not employ such, as the subjects of the experiment were given details of what the experiment is trying to prove. Before hand, the subjects were briefed of the set up that they had to go through for the sake of the experiment. On sharing the results and benefits of research, at the end of the experiment when they had to cut the process on the sixth day, the researchers held encounter sessions with the subjects to see how the experiment changed their feelings and how the situation affected them. (Fitzgerald, pp 48-53)Given these fact s, I think that the study has complied with the ethical standards, needed to perform a research that shall protect the subjects. Although the subjects particularly the prisoners suffered high level of anxiety, they were properly guided before the start of the experiment. They were paid for their participation and after the experiment they were given encounter sessions to permit the subjects to voice out their opinions regarding the experiment and to express the suppressed emotions they had during the experiment.Though the sample population used was remarkably small, the experiment was still able to create a picture of what happens in real life prisons. It served as a small-scale description of the real situation in prisons wherein prisoners suffer from extreme anxiety and unrest inside prisons, while jail guards on the other hand develop an extreme sense of authority which they abuse and in turn, alters their personality. The results are reflective of the situation in prisons like A ttica, wherein the demands of the prisoners is just to simply treat them as humans. The experiment has proven how prisons dehumanize prisoners, how institutions like this who are supposed to teach law violators how to have human feelings have devoid them of this basic principle.The experiment is now used as basis for the current situation in Iraq, and how political prisoners are being treated, and also on certain areas wherein prisoners are being humiliated and devoid of their rights.The experiment is based on an observational, cohort study, wherein randomly selected individuals are placed on a situation which is totally new to all of the subjects, and in the process are put under keen observation to assess how the subjects have changed according to the situation that they were put in. The factors being observed are about the changes that the groups may develop in the course of the experiment.As stated in the experiment, the individuals chosen to become as subjects of the experiment were chosen among many other who wanted to take the role after being subjected to several mental questionings. After they were chosen, two groups were made, nine per group to become prisoners and guards. No control variable or interference from the investigators was employed. Only the real experiences inside the set-up jail was being taken accounted for. The experiment however, yielded results that though were expected, it came in such a short time. In two days, barely even half of the experiment, the two groups: guards and prisoners, have developed as sense of reality towards their situation. The guards have acted as real guards, trying to suppress the prisoners and developed a sense of abuse with the authority given to them. On the other hand, the prisoners acted and felt as prisoners, they were stripped off their true identity and absorbed the anxiety and anguish of being left in containment, with pressure and time distorting factors being prevalent in the activity.The success o f the experiment in depicting real life situation in prisons can serve as a basis to assess abuse of power against prisoners and a how a system for reformation can be made to emancipate the conditions of prisoners and reprimand the authorities who abuse their powers inside prison grounds. The effect of the experiment was so abrupt that in a mere six days, ordinary college students were transformed into their not usual characteristics (Zimbardo). With this in mind, we could just imagine how real life prisoners have been suffering from real life guards who have fully absorbed their role as â€Å"agents of criminal justice.†Thus the challenge lies on how to change this system. A change in system that shall eliminate the notion of prisons as hell, and make it a place that is conducive for change and remorse.The experiment has gone through the process and has proven the basis of their thesis, that in real life, prisons do not act as a vehicle for change. This experiment serve as w ake up calls for those in authority to assess their system and formulate policies that shall eliminate abuse of authority and promote the welfare and right of prisoners.

Free Essays on Procastination

PROCRASTINATION Procrastination-the act or habits of putting things off till the end out of laziness†¦ Almost every student knows this dreaded word. They know if picked up, disaster happens with a sharp decline in school marks. But what they don’t realize is that procrastinating can actually benefit you in school. It can make you work harder, faster, and more efficiently on school assignments. Even life skills in the real world can be created from procrastinating. Helps you work harder, faster, and more efficiently, you say? Yes, that’s exactly what I said. It sounds like an impossible thing, however if you’re like me or any other sensible person that wants a fairly good mark on the next assignment, procrastinating can help you. When you are wanting to strive for that better mark and the bad habit hits you hard, you think it’s a bad combination but waste no more time thinking about it. Just let the time pass by. While your friends are working hard on it, go play, and do the things you like but still allow enough time to complete the assignment. When time comes to do it, it should be cramming time to get it done to the best of your ability. It actually helps you, because it gives that need of drive to actually still maintain a good mark on it. And what about efficiency? That’s easy, when you have your daily homework piled on to your assignment, the need to get the assignment done kicks in. You will feel less of a nee d to do other things that you normally do, and cut down on the breaks, including the old rest up and watch TV. one. Also essential life skills in the real world become developed through procrastinating. In the busy world of work, everyone knows that that boss of yours will always set impossible deadlines. And the knowing of having to get it done perfectly and fast is always on the employer’s mind. When already experienced through procrastinating, you will already know the field of trying to cram a lot ... Free Essays on Procastination Free Essays on Procastination PROCRASTINATION Procrastination-the act or habits of putting things off till the end out of laziness†¦ Almost every student knows this dreaded word. They know if picked up, disaster happens with a sharp decline in school marks. But what they don’t realize is that procrastinating can actually benefit you in school. It can make you work harder, faster, and more efficiently on school assignments. Even life skills in the real world can be created from procrastinating. Helps you work harder, faster, and more efficiently, you say? Yes, that’s exactly what I said. It sounds like an impossible thing, however if you’re like me or any other sensible person that wants a fairly good mark on the next assignment, procrastinating can help you. When you are wanting to strive for that better mark and the bad habit hits you hard, you think it’s a bad combination but waste no more time thinking about it. Just let the time pass by. While your friends are working hard on it, go play, and do the things you like but still allow enough time to complete the assignment. When time comes to do it, it should be cramming time to get it done to the best of your ability. It actually helps you, because it gives that need of drive to actually still maintain a good mark on it. And what about efficiency? That’s easy, when you have your daily homework piled on to your assignment, the need to get the assignment done kicks in. You will feel less of a nee d to do other things that you normally do, and cut down on the breaks, including the old rest up and watch TV. one. Also essential life skills in the real world become developed through procrastinating. In the busy world of work, everyone knows that that boss of yours will always set impossible deadlines. And the knowing of having to get it done perfectly and fast is always on the employer’s mind. When already experienced through procrastinating, you will already know the field of trying to cram a lot ...

Experience in writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Experience in writing - Essay Example One of my strongest points is that I have a good command of grammatical correctness; I have always practiced this in the course of improving my communication. In any piece of writing, I give much attention to avoiding spelling and typographical errors that may distort my message. The ability to organize my points in an effective way also forms part of my strengths in writing. To that end, I always ensure that my points are well organized and logically supporting my thesis. However, I have weakness in language use especially in the scenario where I have to choose the right word, among many words leading in the same direction. I tend to confuse the difference between these types of words and may end up using the least-fitting one. My experience also features love and hate stories for writing. What I love most is the ability to communicate my mind without necessarily expressing feelings. I have weakness in expressing true feelings and, thus far, this has made writing a better place since it gives me an ample time for constructing my views to best fit the feeling I intend. In which case, my narrative skills have served me best in improving my confidence and love for writing. Despite the love, I have a strong hate for the rules restricting the use of First-persons pronouns. I always feel that such kind of cases restrict me from fully expressing myself within a piece of writing especially in a case where I would like to identify personally with my narration and let the reader have a glimpse of genuineness.

Curcumin to cure Cancer Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Curcumin to cure Cancer - Research Paper Example ies have been performed that hold up curcumin-mediated regulation of COX pathways, which is an essential mechanism by which curcumin stops a number of ailment processes, including the cancer. The precise regulation of COX-2 by curcumin is not fully established; though, existing evidence show that curcumin controls COX-2 mainly at the transcriptional level and, to some extent, the posttranslational level. The curcumin-selective transcriptional control action of the COX-2 inhibitory potential of this naturally occurring agent offer unique advantages over synthetic COX inhibitors, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Cells will be treated with free Cisplatin and then with free curcumin to test the effectiveness of the chemotherapeutic drug. This control will be compared to a plate of cells treated with nano-encapsulated curcumin along with cisplatin. My hypothesis is that the nanoparticle delivery of drugs will show less resistance in the cells to the chemopreventive drug, a down regulation of COX-2, as well as decreased proliferation. I will be using fluorescent mesoporous  silica  nanoparticles to encapsulate the cisplatin and deliver it to the mitochondria of the cells. The delivery system should not only demonstrate enhanced cellular uptake, but also show an elevated  drug effect which should reduce the associated side effects. In addition, a new, simple and reasonably priced fluorescent based PT quantification technique has been adopted as an alternative of the commonly used ICP-based quantification method and this strategy of quantification could be elaborated to monitor fluorescentà ‚  pro drug  nanoparticles  during real-time diagnosis. A common problem with the present chemotherapeutic interventions is that it causes inflammation in the gut and kidney cells. To test my method against this, I will also conjugate the cisplatin nanoparticles with curcumin to test if the side effects are even further diminished. To measure the effectiveness of the